Prasanna

UP Board Solutions for Class 10 English Grammar Mode of Reading are part of UP Board Solutions for Class 10 English. Here we have given UP Board Solutions for Class 10 English Grammar Mode of Reading.

Board	UP Board
Class	Class 10
Subject	English
Chapter	English Grammar
Chapter Name	Mode of Reading
Category	UP Board Solutions

UP Board Solutions for Class 10 English Grammar Mode of Reading

Section-A
‘Mode of Reading or Reading Style’
वाचन शैली

Introduction
Speaking मनुष्य का एक स्वाभाविक गुण है किन्तु Reading और Writing स्वाभाविक गुण नहीं है। बल्कि इन्हें उपार्जित कौशल (acquired skills) कहा जाता है। शिक्षण के द्वारा विद्यार्थी 5 या 6 वर्ष की आयु में पढ़ना सीख जाते हैं किन्तु Reading Skill में master बनने में उन्हें वर्षों लग जाते हैं। विद्यालय द्वारा प्रदत्त सबसे अधिक उपयोगी कौशल अथवा बौद्धिक प्रक्रिया वाचन-शिक्षण है। बालक की समस्त मानसिक एवं भावनात्मक उन्नति वाचन-योग्यता (UPBoardSolutions.com) (Reading Skill) पर निर्भर है। विद्यार्थियों में नूतन ज्ञानोपलब्धि, आनन्दप्राप्ति, शब्द-ज्ञान वृद्धि, व्यवहारिक एवं साहित्यिक योग्यता की वृद्धि तथा भाषा के अन्य कौशलों का विकास वाचन या पठन द्वारा ही सम्भव है। वास्तव में लिपि प्रतीकों की पहचान, अर्थ ग्रहण तथा पूर्वावर सम्बन्ध जोड़ते हुए पूर्ण आशय समझ लेने का नाम ही reading है।” Reading के दो types हैं

• Reading Aloud (सस्वर पाठन/वाचन)
• Reading Silently (मौन पठन)

Reading Skill
वाचन (Reading)बड़ी ही संश्लिष्ट मानसिक क्रिया है। प्रारम्भिक पठन-कार्य में लिपि का ध्वनि में परिवर्तन अर्थात् शब्दों का उच्चारण करना आवश्यक होता है। प्राथमिक स्तर (Primary Level) पर पठन-कौशल या वाचन-कौशल में सस्वर पठन (Read Aloud) का विशेष महत्त्व है। इसी कारण इस स्तर के पठन को ‘वाचन’ कहना अधिक उपयुक्त है। किन्तु केवल ध्वनि में परिवर्तन अथवा शब्दों का शुद्ध (UPBoardSolutions.com) उच्चारण कर लेना और उनके अलग-अलग अर्थ समझ लेना ही पढ़ना नहीं कहा जा सकता। शब्दों के अर्थों का तारतम्य मिलाकर पूरे वाक्य और वाक्यों के अर्थ का तारतम्य मिलाकर पूर्वापर सम्बन्ध जोड़ते हुए अनुच्छेद (Paragraph) का और अनुच्छेदों के योग से किसी विषय की एक अन्विति का अर्थ ग्रहण कर लेना पठन-प्रक्रिया को आवश्यक अंग है।

Objectives of Reading
वाचन-शिक्षण के उद्देश्यों में भाषिक तत्त्वों का ज्ञान प्राप्त करना, विषय-वस्तु का ज्ञान प्राप्त करना, शुद्ध एवं स्पष्ट वाचन की योग्यता प्राप्त करना एवं रचना कार्य में विभिन्न रूपों का ज्ञान प्राप्त करना आदि प्रमुख है। इन उद्देश्यों की पूर्ति हेतु विद्यार्थियों की प्रथम मासिक परीक्षा में वाचन-शैली के अन्तर्गत वाद-विवाद प्रतियोगिता (Debate), विचारों की अभिव्यक्ति (Expression of feelings), भाषण (Speech), शब्द ज्ञान एवं इसका प्रयोग (Word-knowledge and its use) आदि विषय यहाँ प्रस्तुत

Debate

Introduction
Debate एक तार्किक वाद-विवाद (Logical argument) होता है जिसमें किसी विशेष विषय पर तर्क-वितर्क किया जाता है। इस विशेष विषय को Topic कहा जाता है। विभिन्न debates के लिए ये topics भी भिन्न-भिन्न (different) होते हैं। ये topics प्रायः सार्वजनिक महत्त्व के समसामयिक विषयों अथवा व्यापक विचारों या अवधारणाओं के बारे में होते हैं। दूसरे वाद-विवादों की तरह किसी भी topic के दो पक्ष होते हैं। जो team topic से सहमत होती है उसे Affirmative कहा जाता है और जो team topic से सहमत नहीं होती है उसे Negative कहा जाता है। एक debate का आयोजन करते समय प्रतिभागियों की age और education के अनुकूल topic का चयन महत्त्वपूर्ण होता है।

Objectives
Debate के अध्ययन का main objective विद्यार्थियों में वाचन की ऐसी कला का विकास करना है। जिससे वे किसी भी topic के दोनों पक्षों में समान रूप से वाद-विवाद कर सके और निर्णय लेने की क्रियाओं में महत्त्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभा सकें। Debate को social objective भी है। (UPBoardSolutions.com) अन्य विद्यालयों के विद्यार्थियों से मिलकर वार्तालाप करने से सामाजिक दायरा भी बढ़ता है।

Method
यदि कोई Debate होनी हो तो इससे पहले debate के topic को जान लेना आवश्यक है और यह भी जाने लेना आवश्यक है कि topic का अर्थ क्या है। Topic का निर्णय करना और इसे जानना topic को define करना कहा जाता है। Defining के कार्य करने का आरम्भ Affirmative Team द्वारा किया जाता है। Affirmative Team के first speaker को स्पष्ट शब्दों में Topic का meaning explain करना चाहिए। यह Meaning सामान्यतः किसी dictionary का meaning ना होकर सामान्य व्यक्ति की समझ में आने वाला meaning होना चाहिए और debate के दोनों पक्षों को छूता होना चाहिए। Negative Team इस meaning से सहमत भी हो सकती है और प्रस्तुत meaning को challenge भी कर सकती है। Negative Team को challenge करते समय बहुत सावधान रहना चाहिए क्योंकि दो definitions के साथ debate को continue रखना बहुत difficult होता है। Challenge तब किया जाना चाहिए जब definition तर्कसंगत न हो अथवा यह opposition (UPBoardSolutions.com) को debate से बाहर करती हो। यदि negative team definition को challenge करती है तो इसके first speaker को यह स्पष्ट करना आवश्यक है कि उन्होंने इसे challenge क्यों किया है और तब एक better definition सुझानी चाहिए।

Key Points of Debate
Debating में प्रत्येक team अपने पक्ष में कुछ points प्रस्तुत करती है और कुछ समय दूसरी team के द्वारा प्रस्तुत points के तर्को की समालोचना में भी लगाती है। इसे खंडन (rebuttal) कहा जाता है। Rebuttal के विषय में कुछ बातें स्मरणीय हैं

1. Logic: दूसरा पक्ष गलत है ऐसा कह देना ही पर्याप्त नहीं है। आपको यह भी show करना पड़ता है। कि दूसरा पक्ष किस प्रकार गलत है। ऐसा करने के लिए दूसरे पक्ष के तर्क का एक main point लेते हुए यह दिखाना होता है कि इसका कोई अर्थ नहीं है। क्योंकि इसके लिए बहुत अधिक चिन्तन की शीघ्रता पूर्वक करने की आवश्यकता होती है। इसलिए यह debating का most challenging और enjoyable पहलू है।
2. Pick the important points: दूसरे पक्ष के सबसे important points को rebut करने का प्रयास करना चाहिए। कुछ समय बाद आप पाते हैं कि इन्हें ढूंढना आसान और आसान हो गया है। इन्हें ढूंढने का निश्चित लक्षण है कि जब दूसरी team का first speaker अपनी team के द्वारा कही जाने वाली बात की संक्षिप्त रूपरेखा देता है। किन्तु उन बिन्दुओं का तब तक खण्डन नहीं करता जब तक कि वे अन्य team के द्वारा प्रस्तुत न किए जाएँ।
3. Play the ball: व्यक्तिगत speakers की समालोचना न करके उसके कथन (statement) की आलोचना करनी चाहिए। किसी व्यक्ति को fat, ugly कहने से उनके कथन की आलोचना न करके आप व्यक्तिगत आलोचना करते हैं जिससे आपके अंक काटे जा सकते हैं।
   जब आप एक विशेष तर्क को रख रहे होते हैं तो यह सुनिश्चित कर लेना चाहिए कि तर्क अर्थपूर्ण (logical) हो और यह कि आपके द्वारा प्रस्तुत तर्क आपकी team और आपके द्वारा दिए जाने वाले example को support करता हो। इसी प्रकार (UPBoardSolutions.com) आपको विपक्षी team को खण्डन करना चाहिए। आपको वक्तव्य समय के अनुरूप व्यवस्थित होना चाहिए। निर्णायक भनक पड़ता है जब आप केवल समय बर्बाद कर रहे हों और यह भी देख सकता है जब आप एक ही बिन्दु पर लम्बा समय लगाते हैं और तब अपने अन्य बिन्दुओं के खण्डन को अपने वक्तव्य को समय पर पूरा करने के लिए शीघ्रता से बोलते हैं। आप आरम्भ में गलती कर सकते हैं किन्तु आपको समझना चाहिए ‘Practice makes perfect’.

Conclusion
Debate की study के पश्चात् हम स्पष्टतया कह सकते हैं कि debate वस्तुत: एक argument है। जिसका अर्थ parties के बीच में अनियन्त्रित चिल्लाने का Match नहीं हैं जो विशेष विचार को मानती हैं। इसके विपरीत debate एक कठोर व्यवहारिक नियमों और शान्त भाव से तर्क-वितर्क की कला है। विद्यार्थियों के अवलोकनार्थ कुछ debates को लिखित रूप में उदाहरणार्थ नीचे दिया जा रहा है।

1. Co-education : Its advantages and disadvantages Or Should boys and girls study together?

Introduction
Teacher : Dear children,
Today the topic of discussion is co-education that is education in which boys and girls read in a common school or college and sit together in the same classes. Schools and colleges are the temples of education. Indian culture and heritage have been exemplary since ancient time, but the problem is that these temples of education are now-a-days becoming the places of enjoyment but still there are some who provide quality education and ethical values to the students. Most of the parents have a question in their mind whether they admit their child to a single-sex school or co-education school. So team ‘A’ will speak in favour of the topic and team ‘B’ against of it.

Points in favour of Team ‘A’

1. In free democratic India, girls cannot be denied education. Along with the boys, girls also must be educated. Now to run separate schools, in spite of an inadequate number of girl students is uneconomical. Separate Instructions for girls can be established only at big places where sufficient number of girls are always forthcoming to (UPBoardSolutions.com) seek admissions. Through co-education much wastage is avoided and the cause of female education does not suffer.
2. Co-education is good from the social point of view also. Young boys and girls get good opportunity to understand each other and remove shyness between them. They have to work in different walks of life in co-operation with each other. So, through co-education, a healthy spirit of working together is developed. Some of these young students choose their life partners from among their class-fellows. In this way, the problem of marriage for many parents is solved. Boys and girls educated together prove more successful in their family and social life. This is due to the understanding of each other’s psychology which they get during the period of their education.

Points against Team ‘B’

1. When young boys and girls come closer to each other, they care more for each other than for their books. They get busy in making friends with each other. The boys chase their girl class-fellows on their cycles. Sometimes, they even deceive their parents. They remain away from their homes and enjoy the company of their friends of opposite sex in the cinema hall. The precious time of study is thus lost owing to sex attraction.
2. Inside classrooms, the students try to attract the attention of their friends of the opposite sex. They become absent-minded. Boys keep combs in their pockets and dress up their hair off and on, even while the (UPBoardSolutions.com) teacher is lecturing. All sorts of motions, gestures and signs are made in the class. The entire atmosphere of co-educational institutions is one of indiscipline. The evil-effects of co-education on character cannot be denied. Purity of character is impossible in such atmosphere.

Conclusion
Teacher’s Feedback : Dear Children
Keeping in view all the good and bad points of co-education we must say that we cannot totally reject it. There is no harm in educating girls and boys together in primary classes. Co-education is dangerous for the boys and girls of high school and inter classes. At this stage, several physical and mental changes take place. During this period, students must not be allowed to go astray. Total separation from each other is essential. Again, in university classes co-education must be allowed. By (UPBoardSolutions.com) this stage boys and girls became sufficiently mature. They begin to understand their good and bad. So co-education can do no harm to them.

2. Hostel Life : Its advantages and disadvantages

Introduction
Teacher : Dear Children
It is said that home is sweet. But even then life at home cannot be compared to the life in a hostel. At home one has to live as other members of the family live. Elders are always there to check the activities of youngsters. One cannot even frame one’s own timetable of studies. One has to keep in mind the convenience of others. One has to study while others keep on talking and gossiping. Often one room and one lamp is used jointly by four or five brothers and sisters. If some relative or guest comes in the (UPBoardSolutions.com) whole programme of studies is upset. In fact, at home there is no atmosphere for serious studies. There is constant disturbance due to one reason or the other. The life in the hostel is different from that of the home. The greatest blessing of hostel life is independence. So team ‘A’ will speak in favor of the topic and team ‘B’ will speak against it.

Points in favour of Team ‘A’

1. In a hostel life is full of opportunities of amusement. One is constantly in touch with young men of one’s own age. One can make friends with one’s hostel fellows who have varied tastes and aptitudes. He may choose his friends according to his own liking. Good arrangements of games and sports, sunday specials eating competitions and day-to-day merry-making, makes the hostel life a thing of envy for all.
2. In a hostel a student comes in contact with a number of other students. He acquires many good qualities from them. When a student sees his next door neighbor daily taking morning exercise he also gets inspiration. He too tries to be healthy. When one is ill, all his hostel fellows try their best to serve him. Mutual co-operation, sympathy (UPBoardSolutions.com) and love are characteristics of hostel life.
3. A hostel is a place where an all-round development of personality is possible. Hostels provide the best atmosphere for study. Weaker students can always get help from their class students. Hostel life not only develops the spirit of healthy competition, but also teaches the lesson of mutual co-operation.

Points against Team ‘B’

1. Students coming for the first time to a hostel, find entirely new atmosphere. The freedom of the hostel leads them astray. They begin to smoke, gamble and at times even to drink. Daily visit to some cinema becomes a routine. They fail to choose good companions. The unlimited freedom proves harmful for such students.
2. Parents send their wards to hostel for study, but there they waste their time in enjoyment and merry-making. As long as they go on receiving money, they care little from where it comes and to where (UPBoardSolutions.com) it goes. They waste their precious time and the hard earned money of their parents like water. In later life, they have to repent for this folly.

Conclusion
Teacher’s Feedback : Dear children
Much of the usefulness, as well as harmlessness of hostel life depends upon its management. A badly managed hostel is bound to spoil the lives of its inmates. A well managed hostel is sure to prove a blessing for those who are lucky enough to live in it.

3. Advantages and disadvantages of female education Or Educated wife of today

Introduction
Teacher : Dear children
There was a time when very few women received proper education. But now girls are receiving the highest education. Some people insist on having educated girls as their wives. Others are strongly against this. Let us here consider in brief, the advantages and disadvantages of having an educated wife. Team ‘A’ will speak in favor of it and Team ‘B’ will speak against it.

Points in favour of Team ‘A’

1.  Being educated, she can manage her home more efficiently. She can maintain accounts. By keeping the family budget, she helps the family in making the best of its income. She keeps her kitchen in hygienic condition.
2. An educated girl understands her duties well. She proves (UPBoardSolutions.com) a source of great comfort of her husband in times of trouble. She can keep him away from various vices. Besides this, as a mother also an educated wife is very useful. She can teach many things to her children. She can give them elementary education. She can keep them neat and clean.
3. An educated wife can also help her husband in his office work. If the husband is out of employment, his educated wife can be of great help to him. An unfortunate widow, if she is educated, need not remain at the mercy of others. She can support herself and her children.

Points against Team ‘B’

1. A modern, educated wife, due to her love for fashion and expensive habits, is often a financial burden. She puts the poor husband often in difficulty.
2. An educated girl is not always obedient and faithful. She has her own friends. She does not like to observe family traditions and customs. She wants to dominate her husband. In her pride and sense of superiority, she does not care for his like and dislikes. At times, her actions put him to shame.
3. She likes to live in her own independent way. She does not like interference in her affairs. She wants to have her own way in every matter. Often she looks down upon the less educated or uneducated members of the family. Her independent outlook, ill-temperament and haughty nature made the home a hell.

Conclusion
Teacher’s feedback : Dear children
Female education is not always a blessing. Only if a girl has been educated properly at home, she can remain unaffected by the evil effects of modern education. There are girls who have received the highest (UPBoardSolutions.com) university education, still they do all the domestic work. This is very important for now honest domestic work. An educated wife can be a great asset to her husband and her family, if she is good natured and respects the traditions of the family and co-operates to run it smoothly.

Speech Writing

Objectives
शब्दों के प्रयोग द्वारा विचारों की अभिव्यक्ति को Speech कहा जाता है। बहुत से लोगों के लिए एक समूह के सामने खड़े होकर बोलना मरने से अधिक डरावना होता है। यह एक प्रकार का डर है जिस पर हमें विजय प्राप्त करनी है। हम सब को जीवन के किसी बिन्दु पर, चाहे वह विद्यालय हो या कार्यस्थल हो, भाषण (speech) के लिए बुलाया जा सकता है। Speech Writing एवं Delivering की कला के विकास से आप इस डर से छुटकारा पा सकते हैं।

Steps to Write an Excellent Speech
Speech Writing की प्रक्रिया में निम्न steps का प्रयोग करके आप किसी भी स्थिति में एक good speech तैयार करने में अपने आपको confident महसूस करेंगे।

1. Audience : सबसे पहले आपको ये determine करना है कि आपकी speech के लिए audience कौन होगा। आपको उसी के अनुसार speech की writing करनी है। इसके लिए आपको ऐसी भाषा का प्रयोग करना है जो audience को समझ (UPBoardSolutions.com) आ सके।
2. Purpose and Message : अपनी speech writing से पूर्व आपको दो बातों का ध्यान रखना है। पहली आपकी speech का purpose क्या है अर्थात् आपको क्या कहने के लिए बुलाया गया है? दूसरी आपको अपने message को देखते हुए speech को लिखना है। इन दोनों बातों को ध्यान में रखकर आप स्वयं का और audience का ध्यान केंद्रित करने में सफल हो सकते हैं।
3. Brainstorming : यदि आपकी विषय पर विविध प्रकार की knowledge है तो brainstorming के द्वारा आप उन बातों की list बना सकते हैं जिन पर बोलने में आपका interest है। एक बार यह list लिखित रूप में तैयार हो जाए तो आपको यह देखने में आसानी होगी कि यह आपके time frame में fit हो रही है या नहीं।
4. Categorize : Brainstorming के पश्चात् आपको अपने main message के उपवर्गीकृत कई क्षेत्र मिलेंगे। आपको इनको श्रोता की पसन्द के अनुसार उपयोगिता को देखना है। किसी भी प्रकार का अधूरापन आपके भाषण के लिए नुकसान देय हो सकता है।
5. Attention Grabber : आपके श्रोता बैठकर ध्यान से आपके भाषण को सुने, इसके लिए आपको beginning में कुछ interesting; जैसे कोई joke, proverb या question कहना है। जिससे उनका ध्यान आकर्षित हो और वे बैठकर ध्यानपूर्वक सुने।
6. Introduction : श्रोताओं के ध्यानाकर्षण के पश्चात् आप अपने विषय का संक्षिप्त introduction दे सकते हैं। यह introduction श्रोताओं को उनकी आशा के अनुरूप विषय को सुनने के लिए तैयार करता है।
7. Body : अपनी Speech के इस भाग में आपको तीन या चार मुख्य बिन्दुओं का वर्णन करना है। ये बिन्दु समान विस्तार लिए होने चाहिएँ। Speech Writing में कठिनाई यह नहीं है कि कोई बिन्दु विस्तार या वर्णन में छोटा हो गया है अपितु किसी विशेष बिन्दु का अधिक विस्तार श्रोताओं को बोर कर सकता है।
8. Conclusion : यदि आप बहुत कुछ अपने speech से पहले ही कह (UPBoardSolutions.com) चुके हैं तो इस भाग में आपको अपने speech को जल्दी से व सुन्दर ढंग से समेटना होता है। क्योंकि श्रोता समझते हैं कि speech समाप्ति की ओर है। आपको इस भाग में अधिक बोलना उनके गुस्से का कारण बन सकता है।

Delivering Your Speech
एक अच्छी speech तब तक अच्छी नहीं होती जब तक उसे आप प्रभावशाली ढंग से deliver नहीं करते। एक बार आप जब अपनी speech को लिख चुके होते हैं तो आपको इसे बोलने का बार-बार अभ्यास करना होता है जिससे पूरी प्रक्रिया में आप अपने आपको सहज महसूस कर सकें। इसके लिए विषय को जानना, अपने समयावधि को जानना आवश्यक होता है। आप speech delivery की practice के लिए शीशे के सामने खड़े होकर इसे बोल सकते हैं। प्रभावशाली ढंग से speech की delivery के लिए निम्नलिखित बातों को ध्यान में रखना चाहिए

1. Eye-Contact : श्रोतागण आपकी आँखों द्वारा आपसे जुड़ते हैं। आपको श्रोतागणों से नजर न मिलाना दिखाती है कि आप अपने कथन में confident नहीं है या आप कोई बात छुपा रहे हैं। अपना ध्यान एक ही व्यक्ति पर केंद्रित न करके सभी श्रोतागणों की ओर प्रसारित करना चाहिए।
2. Hand Gestures : Hand Gestures प्रभावशाली हो सकते हैं। एक बिन्दु पर विशेष जोर डालने के लिए आप इनका प्रयोग कर सकते हैं किन्तु अधिक प्रयोग आपके श्रोताओं को नाराज कर सकता है। भाषण देते समय आपको अपने हाथ जेब में नहीं डालने चाहिए।
3. Facial Expressions : Facial Expressions का प्रयोग करने से डरना नहीं चाहिए। यदि आपको पता है कि आप कुछ funny कह रहे हैं तो आपको मुस्कुराना चाहिए। यदि आप कुछ serious कर रहे हैं तो आपको चेहरे पर गम्भीरता के भाव रखने चाहिए।
4. Vary your voice : आप क्या कह रहे हैं और इसे कैसे कह रहे हैं (UPBoardSolutions.com) दोनो ही बातें समान रूप से महत्त्वपूर्ण हैं। अपनी tone और speech की ओर ध्यान देना चाहिए। तेजी से या चिल्लाकर नहीं बोलना चाहिए और बहुत ही soft voice का प्रयोग भी नहीं करना चाहिए जो सुनाई ही न दे। महत्त्वपूर्ण विचारों पर जोर डालने के लिए अपनी speed और tone का प्रयोग करना चाहिए और दोनों में विविधता का ध्यान रखना चाहिए।
5. Get plenty of rest and arrive on time: समय पर पहुँचकर भाषण देने जाने के लिए तैयार रहना चाहिए। थका होना आपकी याददाश्त को कमजोर कर सकता है और आपके energy level को कम कर सकता है। भाषण देने से पहले रात को अच्छी प्रकार नींद लेनी चाहिए। इससे बोलते समय आपका energy level ऊँचा रहेगा।
6. Take your time: अपना समय लीजिए और प्रत्येक को अपने कहे को सुनने व समझने दीजिए। भाषण एक race नहीं है। हमें धीमी शुरूआत करनी चाहिए और यदि आपके श्रोता आपसे कुछ fast बोलने के लिए क़ह रहे हैं, केवल तभी अपनी गति को बढ़ाना चाहिए।
7. Pause for important ideas : Important ideas को बताने के लिए बीच-बीच में रूकना आवश्यक है। ऐसा करने से आपके श्रोताओं को आपके द्वारा कहे शब्दों पर सोचने का अवसर मिलता है। अपने Speech के सबसे Important points (UPBoardSolutions.com) के बाद रुकना चाहिए।
8. Find a friendly face : अपनी speech को deliver करते समय आपको एक friendly face को ढूंढ़ना चाहिए। यह पूरी speech के समय आपका उत्साहवर्धन करेगा। उस व्यक्ति को घूरना नहीं चाहिए किन्तु अपने उत्साह को बढ़ाने के लिए केवल समय-समय पर उसे देखते रहना चाहिए।

Conclusion
उपरोक्त बातों को ध्यान में रखते हुए आप एक अच्छे वक्ता बन सकते हैं और साथ ही भाषण लेखन की कला में भी पारंगत हो सकते हैं।
विद्यार्थियों के अवलोकनार्थ specimen के तौर पर कुछ भाषण नीचे दिए जा रहे हैं।

1. Topic: Should students be required to wear a uniform to school ?

Should students be required to wear a uniform to school? That is the question that has been raised for discussion here today.

Private schools have long been known for having school uniform policies. Now some public schools are deciding whether they want their students to wear a school uniform.

Some people argue that requiring students to dress a certain way takes away their sense of creativity and individuality. However, there are several strong arguments in favor of school requiring school uniforms.

Wearing a school uniform can cause some students to take their responsibilities more seriously. If they wear the same clothes to school that they wear when they go to the mall with their friends, (UPBoardSolutions.com) they may have the same laid back attitude in both places. Wearing ‘work clothes’ to school can change the students frame of mind to a more serious attitude that is focused on study.

School uniforms can also lessen the negative effects of class status. In some schools you are only popular if you wear the latest fashions and trends.

Required school uniforms can reduce fighting among students and prevent outsiders from being able to get into the school undetected.

Some opponents of school uniforms worry about the cost, but uniforms can actually cost less than other school clothes. With regular clothes you usually buy a different outfit for each day of the week. You may even buy more than that. With a school uniform you can just purchase a few as you don’t have to worry about wearing something different each day. You can also pass school uniforms down to family members or find them on sale from other families.

There is a lot of controversy over whether or not school uniforms should be required. However, when you look at the facts you will see that there are many benefits to students all wearing the same thing to (UPBoardSolutions.com) school.

Students may take school more seriously, teasing and violence can be decreased and you may even save some money.

2. Topic: Should children be allowed to own and use cellphones?

It is difficult to imagine a time when we did not have cell phones. Many of us rely on our phone throughout the day in order to stay in contact with our business, friends and families. Whether we like the cell phone or not, it has become an essential part of our society and there is little chance of its use being curtailed in the near future.

Even children have begun to carry their own cell phones, not only for emergency and family use but to stay in touch with their friends through the use of text messaging.

What are the positive and negative points of allowing a child to carry a cell phone?

There’s no doubt that when it’s necessary, a cell phone becomes an important tool for a child to use in the event of an emergency. We live in a very difficult and sometimes dangerous world.

Having a means of contact with your child at all times through the use of a cell phone could be a matter of their personal safety.

Children have used cell phones to contact their parents or officials in the event of a threatening situation and have even used the photo ability of the cell phone to ward off or identify predators. As children grow older, it is also often a good idea to give them a certain degree of relative freedom. Responsible cell phone ownership could provide this for your child.

On the other hand, owning a cell phone can have a lot of negative impact on a child as well.

These phones can be a large distraction to them, both (UPBoardSolutions.com) within the walls of the school system and outside.

It becomes very easy for the child to receive text messages and pictures that the parents may not approve of. Along with that, there are also some health concerns, although unconfirmed, about the dangers of having concentrated cellular waves so close to a developing body on a regular basis.

One option that may meld the two together is to have a cell phone for the child that is limited in its capability to send and receive calls. It would only be able to call out to emergency numbers and can only send and receive two pre-established numbers. This would give the parents some peace of mind, knowing that their child has a means to contact them in case of an emergency.

3. Topic: How Humour Heals

I had to spend a week or so in the hospital last year. A minor ear infection turned into some major problems for my immune system. I was fairly depressed and frustrated one night after my doctor had given (UPBoardSolutions.com) me the news that still more tests would be needed, which meant another few days in an uncomfortable bed with people poking and prodding at me.

As I thought about it, the pain began again, and I was sure that my condition might only become more serious. About the time I began to wonder if I would ever see my own home again, my best friend from high school stopped by. She was, quite literally, our class clown. She always had great joke on the tip of her tongue. Even now I can’t help but smile when I think about her.

Two hours after she left, I felt great. I had no pain when I woke up the next morning, and that evening, all of my test results were positive. A miracle? Actually, yes. Study after study has indicated that humour has interesting healing powers.

One way that humour can help to heal is that it literally changes our outlook on life. As we laugh, we have trouble seeing life’s difficulties the same way. Suddenly, our problems don’t seem quite as bad. Humour allows one to distance him/herself from a painful physical or medical situation while also acknowledging that he or she is in such a situation.

This change in perspective is a powerful healing force. Distancing yourself from a distressing situation allows you to view certain circumstances from a more objective perspective, and this can help you extract powerful (UPBoardSolutions.com) emotions that focus on your pain or sorrow. In doing this, you do not reject the painful circumstances surrounding you, but acknowledge the reality of your situation–the good with the bad.

Recent mental health studies have shown that laughter can stimulate areas of the brain that release endorphins, helping us to see our situation more clearly. The healing power of humour is wide-ranging in scope and situation. Though medically, the interesting healing powers of humour are still being studied by many scientists, humour clearly heals the spirit—a part of every one of us which is often neglected by medicine and science.

Seeing the humour in our painful or emotional situations can free us from the chains we have built around ourselves helping us to recognize that life is more than anger or pain or sorrow, but that it is full of humour and the contagious sound of laughter.

So, in the words of the great Han Solo, “Laugh it up, fuzzball.”

Word-Knowledge and Its Use

Objectives
किसी वाक्य का निर्माण दो या दो से अधिक शब्दों के प्रयोग से होता है। अत: विद्यार्थियों को शब्दों के अर्थ एवं प्रयोग का समुचित ज्ञान कराया जाना आवश्यक है। शब्दों के समुचित ज्ञान के लिए उन्हें Word Formation (शब्द-रचना), Groups of Similar Words Distinguished (शब्दों में सूक्ष्म भेद), Synonyms & Antonyms (पर्यायवाची एवं विलोम शब्द), Idioms and Phrases (मुहावरे एंवलोकोकियाँ वाक्यांश) का अपनी भाषा में प्रयोग, dictionary की help से विभिन्न words के meanings को समझना एांव उनका use का अभ्याम करवाना आवश्यक है।
Word-Knowledge and Its Use के लिए विद्यार्थियों को उपरोक्त सभी का संक्षिप्त (UPBoardSolutions.com) विवरण अभ्यास सहित नीचे दिया जा रहा है। इसके अधिकाधिक अभ्यास से विद्यार्थियों के शब्द ज्ञान में वृद्धि होगी। तथा इसके सही प्रयोग का कौशल विकसित होगा।

1. Word Building

Forming nouns from verbs, adjectives from nouns, adjectives from verbs, nouns from adjectives, verbs, from adjectives, etc. is generally described as word building’. A carefully study of the following examples of word building may be very useful.

Forming Nouns from Verbs

Verb	Noun	Verb	Noun
Act Apply Bind Carry Decide Depend Enter Fail Give Hate Inspect Mix Obey Please Quote Reduce Speak Tell Weigh	Action Application Bond Carriage Decision Dependence Entrance Failure Gift Hatred Inspection Mixture Obedience Pleasure Quotation Reduction Speech Tale Weight	Admit Attach Believe Compel Define Disturb Expect Flow Grow Heal Loose Narrate Oppose Practice Receive Repeat Secure Try Wed	Admission Attachment Belief Compulsion Definition Disturbance Expectation Flood Growth Health Loss Narration Opposition Practice Reception Repetition Security Trial Wedding

Formation of Noun[s] from Adjectives

Adjective	Noun	Adjective	Noun
Active Curious Loyal Minor Intelligent Wise Deep	Activity Curiosity Loyalty Minority Intelligence Wisdom Depth	Bold Equal Major Popular Long Honest Excellent	Boldness Equality Majority Popularity Length Honesty Excellence

Formation of Verbs from Nouns

Noun	Verb	Noun	Verb
Soft Beauty Class Courage Title Price Head Fool Breath	Soften Beautify Classify Encourage Entitle Prize Behead Be fool Breathe	Light Justice Glory Circle Prison Sympathy Friend Blood Custom	Lighten Justify Glorify Encircle Imprison Sympathize Befriend Bleed Accustom

Formation of Verbs from (UPBoardSolutions.com) Adjectives

Adjective	Verb	Adjective	Verb
Black Equal Fresh Firm Certain	Blacken Equalize Refresh Confirm Ascertain	Quick Real Public Clean Mean	Quicken Realize Publish Cleanse Demean

Formation of Adjectives from Nouns

Noun	Adjective	Noun	Adjective
Thirst Crime Magic Love Day Favor Profit Labor Hope Circle Earth Type	Thirsty Criminal Magical Lovely Daily Favorable Profitable Laborious Hopeful Circular Earthen Typical	Hunger Office Person Dead Year Value Sense Danger Tact Angel Book Voice	Hungry Official Personal Deadly Yearly Valuable Sensible Dangerous Tactful Angelic Bookish Vocal

The Same Words Used As Different Parts of Speech

There are many words which can be used as different parts of speech and thus give different meanings.

1. Book

Noun : He has not read this book.
Verb : Passengers should get their luggage booked.
Adjective : Kamlesh is a book-worm.

2. Last

Noun : The brave soldiers fought to the last.
Verb : Truth lasts longer than lies.
Adjective : Luck is our last hope.

3. Round

Noun : The Principal had a round of the college.
Verb : The police will round up all pick-pockets.
Adjective : The earth is round.
Adverb : You cannot bring him round to your views.
Preposition : The officer is going round the city.

4. Like

Verb : Do you like this pen?
Preposition : Do not behave like this.
Noun : We shall not have (UPBoardSolutions.com) Gandhiji like again.
Adjective : They are men of like temperament.

5. Right

Noun : Rights should go with duties.
Adjective : They have taken the right decision.
Verb : Things will right themselves slowly.
Adverb : He will stand right in my way.

6. Needs

Noun : My needs are greater than yours.
Verb : He needs my help.

7. Change

Noun : Life is full of changes.
Verb : Why don’t you change your shoes?

8. Close

Verb : When will our school close for the summer vacation?
Noun : The function come to a close very late in the evening
Adjective : Manohar is my close friend.

9. Light

Verb : Light a lamp, please.
Noun : Light travels in a straight line.
Adjective: : He takes light food.
Adverb : Always travel light.

10. Wrong

Noun : Two wrongs do not make a right.
Adjective : It is a wrong answer.
Verb : He wronged me when he said that (UPBoardSolutions.com) I was jealous of him.

2. Pairs or Groups of Similar words Distinguished

Words similar in sound or form or meaning are generally confused and consequently misused by the students. They are therefore advised to study the correct usage of such words:

Words Similar in Sound

1. Accept (रूवीकार करना) : Will you please accept my invitation to a dinner?
   Except (सिवाय) : All except you were present.
2. Access (पहुँच ) : I have no access to my manager.
   Excess ( अधिकता ) : Excess of everything is bad.
3. Advice (सलाह) : My advice fell flat upon him.
   Advise (सलाह देना) : My uncle advised me to be regular at work.
4. Break (तोड़ना) : You should not break your links with your sincere friends.
   Brake (गति को रोकने वाला यन्र): He had to apply brakes to stop his bicycle.
5. Career (जीवन – चरित्र) : You must (UPBoardSolutions.com) put in hard work to improve your academic career.
   Carrier (वाहन) : My car is without a luggage carrier.
6. Cloth (कपड़ा बिना सिला हुआ) : He deals in cloth.
   Clothes (सिले हुए वस्त्र) : Please change your clothes.
7. Fair (मेला, सुंदर) : I paid a visit to the village fair.
   Fare (किराया) : Did you pay your bus fare?
8. Hole (छेद) : She is making a hole in the wall.
   Whole (सारा) : He did not sleep for the whole.
9. Story (कहानी) : This was an interesting story.
   Storey (मंजिल) : He lives in the upper storey of this bulding.
10. Week (सप्ताह) : He is getting married next week.
    Weak (कमजोर) : He is weak in English.

Words Similar in Form

1. Accident (दुर्घटना) : She was killed in a road accident.
   Incident (घटना) : How can I forget the pleasant incidents of my childhood.
2. Eligible (योग्य) : You are not eligible for this post.
   Illegible (जो पढ़ा न जा सके) : Your hand writing is illegible; you must improve it.
3. Loose (ढीला) : His shirt is loose.
   Lose (खोना ) : We should not lose temper.
4. Popular (प्रसिद्ध) : Kishore Kumar was a popular singer.
   Populous (घनी आबादी वाला) : Kolkata is a populous city.
5. Industrial (औद्योगिक) : Noida is an industrial city of Uttar Pradesh.
   Industrious (परिश्रमी) : Industrious students tend to succeed in life.
6. Lovable (प्यार के योग्य) : Your manneres (UPBoardSolutions.com) are lovable indeed.
   Lovely (सुन्दर) : What a lovely flower!
7. Defective (त्रुटि – पूर्ण) : Our system of examination is defective.
   Deficient (अभावपूर्ण) : He seems to be deficient in his ability to learn.
8. Beneficial (लाभप्रद) : The changed diet proved beneficial for him.
   Beneficent (दयालु) : Ashok the Great was a beneficent king.
9. Adapt (परिस्थिति अनुसार ढालना): You must adapt yourself to a new way of life in the foreign country.
   Adopt (ग्रहण करना) : The old man has adopted a son.
   Adept (चतुर, निपुण) : She is adept in singing.
10. Union (संगठन) : Union is strength.
    Unity (एकता) : India is known for her unity in diversity.
11. President (सभापति) : Suresh Chand was elected president for this association.
    Precedent (पूर्व दृष्टान्त) : There is no precedent for this action in such matters.

Words Similar In Meaning

1. Abstain (किसी वस्तु से परहेज) : You are advised to abstain from wine.
   Refrain (किसी कर्म से परहेज) : We must refrain from gambling.
2. Admit (स्वीकार करना) : He was admitted to the college of education.
   Confess (गलती को मानना) : She confessed her fault.
   Allow (होने देना) : He allowed his son to take part in games.
   Permit (अनुमति देना) : He was permitted to appear in the examination.
3. Battle (युद्ध) : When was the battle of Panipat fought?
   War (महायुद्ध) : We must avert the third world war for our progress and prosperity.
4. Blunder (गम्भीर गलती) : He committed a blunder in accepting this job.
   Error (गलती) : It was an error on any part to think that he was a sincere friend.
   Mistake (भ्रांति) : All the mistakes have been corrected.
5. Bring (लाना) : Could you please bring a new watch on your next visit?
   Fetch (जाकर लान) : Please fetch me a glass of water.
6. Crime (जुर्म) : Theft is a crime.
   Vice (बुराई) : Gambling is a vice.
   Sin (पाप) : It is a sin to hate others.
7. Defend (वर्तमान खतरे से बचाव): We must defend our country.
   Protect (किसी परोक्ष खतरे से बचाना) : You must protect your child against infectious diseases.
8. Excuse (छोटी गलती के लिए क्षमा): Please excuse my interruption.
   Forgive (कुछ बड़ी भूल को क्षमा करना) : Let us forgive him for his false statement.
   Pardon (गम्भीर भूल को क्षमा करना): The king pardoned the criminal on his assurance that he would not repeat what he had done.

3. Antonyms & Synonyms

Words of the same class, but opposite in meaning are called antonyms. (UPBoardSolutions.com) Synonyms, on the other hand, are words of similar meaning. A careful study of the following words of these categories will no doubt serve a useful purpose.

Words	Antonyms	Words	Antonyms
Ability Acceptance Advantage Ancient Arrival Ascend Above Allow Assemble Beautiful Blunt Bold Continue Care Creation Day Early Entrance Full Guest Hot Happy Innocent like Movable Male Obey Public Polite Rich Reward	Disability Rejection Disadvantage Modern Departure Descend Below Disallow Disperse Ugly Sharp Timid Discontinue Neglect Destruction Night Late Exit Empty Host Cold Sad Guilty Dislike Immovable Female Disobey Private Impolite Poor Punishment	Absence Adversity Active Attack Accept Agree Appear Borrow Begin Blessing Broad Clean Credit Come Deep Dark Equal Failure Fresh Honest Heaven Hard Import Lead Majority Master Peace Pure Rough Rise Young	Presence Prosperity Passive Defend Reject Disagree Disappear Lend End Curse Narrow Dirty Debit Go Shallow Light Unequal Success Stale Dishonest Hell Soft Export Follow Minority Servant War Impure Smooth Fall Old

Synonyms

Words	Synonyms	Words	Synonyms
Active Adept Adverse Aid Abundant Anger Barren Bestow Brave Common Capable Contrary Competent Cheat Chaos Desire Dear Eminent Effect Foolish Habituated Incite Lasting Novice Prudent Rude Restrict Stern Vacate Yield	Smart Expert Contrary Support Plentiful Fury Fruitless Confer Bold Mutual Complicated Opposite Able Deceive Disorder Wish Costly Famous Impact Stupid Addicted Provoke Permanent Beginner Wise Rough Confine Hard Quit Surrender	Abnormal Advantageous Adhere Abolish Advise Anxiety Bias Brief Bogus Comply Cruel Confuse Compassion Civil Cause Detest Eager Exceed Final Hopeful Industrious Lavish Luminous Obvious Quite Replace Solitary Sad Weak Curtail	Exceptional Beneficial Attach Destroy Counsel Worry Prejudice Concise False Agree Ruthless Perplex Pity Courteous Reason Hate Anxious Excel Ultimate Optimistic Diligent Extravagant Diligent Clear Clam Substitute Lonely Depressed Feeble Reduce

4. Some Important Idioms and Phrases

Idioms and phrases are the very soul of a language. They are a sign of the richness of a language. There are many verbs which come to have an idiomatic sense when they are followed by certain prepositions (UPBoardSolutions.com) or adverbs. Sometimes metaphors enter into idiomatic phraseology. Following is a list of common idioms and phrases used in sentences :

1. Above board (open, honest) : We love this officer because he is above board in his dealings.
2. At arm’s length (to avoid mixing with somebody) : I keep bad friends at arm’s length.
3. At a loss (puzzled) : I am at a loss to know what to do.
4. At the eleventh hour (at the last moment) : He came to me for help at the eleventh hour.
5. At a stone’s throw (very near): My house is at a stone’s throw from the college.
6. To bell the cat (to face risk) : All cry against the officer but nobody has the courage to bell the cat
7. To back out (to break a promise) : Do not back out of your promise.
8. Carry on (to continue): Please carry on your work.
9. Crocodile tears (false tears) : He shed crocodile tears at the death of his uncle.
10. A child’s play (easy job): To win an Olympic medal is not a child’s play.
11. To do without (to dispense with) : I cannot do without tea.
12. Get through (pass) : An intelligent boy always gets through an examination.
13. To give up (to stop doing) : He has given up smoking.
14. Heart and soul (with full energy) : He threw himself heart and soul into work.
15. Hard and fast (strict) : There are no hard and fast rules in English Grammar.
16. In the long run (in the end) : Honesty pays in the long run.
17. In a fix (in confusion) : I am in a fix and want your help
18. To keep an eye on (to watch) : Parents keep an eye on the activities of children.
19. Keep pace with (to go side by side): A young man should keep pace with the changing times.
20. To look down upon (to hate): The rich should not look down upon the poor.
21. A maiden speech (first speech) : His maiden speech was quite impressive.
22. A nine days wonder (for a short period) : Youth is only a nine days wonder.
23. A red letter day (an important day) : The 26th of January is a red letter day in Indian’s history.
24. To tell upon (to affect) : Poor food told upon his health.
25. Through and through (completely) : He is through and through a gentleman.
26. Ups and down (good and bad times) : Life is full of ups and downs.
27. Uphill task (a difficult work) : It is an uphill task to run a big business.
28. Well-to-do (rich) : He belongs to a well-to-do family.
29. Break up (to close) : The school will break up for summer vacation in May.
30. Look for (search for): I am looking for my lost pen.
31. Look upon (to regard) : He looks upon his uncle as his father.
32. Set out (to start for tour etc.) : He set out on his journey abroad.
33. By no means (not at all) : Your answer to the question is no means satisfactory.
34. First and foremost (most important) : To help the needy is our first and foremost duty.
35. In vain (fruitless) : All his efforts to earn money were in vain.
36. Fair and square (honest) : This shopkeeper is fair and square in his dealings.

We hope the given UP Board Solutions for Class 10 English Grammar Mode of Reading will help you. If you have any query regarding UP Board Solutions for Class 10 English Grammar Mode of Reading, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

UP Board Solutions for Class 10 English Grammar Mode of Creative Writing are part of UP Board Solutions for Class 10 English. Here we have given UP Board Solutions for Class 10 English Grammar Mode of Creative Writing.

Board	UP Board
Class	Class 10
Subject	English
Chapter	English Grammar
Chapter Name	Mode of Creative Writing
Category	UP Board Solutions

UP Board Solutions for Class 10 English Grammar Mode of Creative Writing

Section-C
‘Mode of Creative Writing’
सृजनात्मक लेखन शैली

Introduction
Creative writing से हमारा अभिप्राय उन सब attempts से है जिनका purpose साधारण रूप से information के convey ही नहीं करना होता बल्कि विचारों, अनुभूतियों एवं भावनाओं को express करना होता है।

वास्तव में, “Creative writing is the process of inventing (UPBoardSolutions.com) or rather presenting your thoughts in an appealing way.” लेखक critically सोचता है और कुछ ज्ञान को किसी different और original shape में ढालता है।

Objectives
प्रत्येक writing का एक purpose होता है और यह reader को ध्यान में रखकर की जाती है। इसे एक clear beginning, middle और एक end के क्रम में लिखा जाता है। उचित vocabulary का चयन, language व style का भली प्रकार से use किया जाता है।

Key Points of Creative Writing
Creative writing को अच्छी प्रकार से समझने के लिए निम्न Key Points को जानना चाहिए

• The Beginning : Creative writing की शुरुआत तब होती है जब writer स्वयं से पूछता है। कि “मैं किसी particular feeling, image, experience या memory से क्या create कर सकता हूँ?
• The Purpose : Creative writing writer की invent, explore या share करने की तीव्र इच्छा को जगाती है। यह उसकी Creative soul को सन्तुष्ट करती है।
• The Audience/Reader : आरम्भ में किसी specific audience की जानकारी नहीं होती और प्रत्येक situation different होती है यद्यपि, यदि एक पूर्ण रचना व्यापक अर्थ लिए हो तो इससे बहुत से readers प्रभावित होते है और इसका उन सबके लिए अलग-अलग अर्थ होता है।
• The Style : Writer का अपना एक unique style होता है। Writer अपने style से अपने विचार प्रस्तुत करता है और ये readers को अपनी तरह से प्रभावित करते हैं।

‘Essay Writing’

The word essay’ का अर्थ है, “to make an attempt.” इसलिए essay एक attempt (प्रयास) या try है जो विद्यार्थियों द्वारा एक विषय पर सरल और सही शब्दों में क्रमबद्ध अपने विचारों की अभिव्यक्ति की दृष्टि से किया जाता है।

Essay writing एक art है जिसकी सहायता से लेखक क्रमबद्ध ढंग से (UPBoardSolutions.com) लिखकर अपने विचारों की अभिव्यक्ति मौलिक रूप में कर सकते हैं। परीक्षा में अच्छे अंक प्राप्त करने के लिए विद्यार्थियों में इस कला का विकास होना आवश्यक है।

Main Elements of Essay Writing
Essay writing के दो आवश्यक तत्त्व thought (विचार) और language (भाषा) हैं।
Essay writing को प्रारम्भ करने वाले को दोनों ही चीजों में कठिनाई आती है। जब एक विषय पर उसे Essay लिखने के लिए कहा जाता है तो वह हक्का-बक्का रह जाती है और विषय पर उसे कोई thoughts नहीं आते। साथ ही उसका शब्द-ज्ञान इतना सीमित होता है कि वह अपने विचारों और भावों को व्यक्त नहीं कर सकता।

Classification of Essays
Essays को मुख्य चार श्रेणियों में बाँटा जा सकता है-

1. Narrative
2. Descriptive
3. Reflective
4. Imaginative

• Narrative Essays: Essays जिसमें एक घटना या घटनाओं (काल्पनिक और वास्तविक) का वर्णन किया जाता है उन्हें Narrative Essays कहा जाता है; जैसे-एक मैच, मेले, यात्रा, दुर्घटना, वीरों की आत्मकथा, महाकाव्य आदि की कहानियों का वर्णन आदि।
• Descriptive Essays : Essays जिनमें person, place या वस्तु का वर्णन करने का प्रयास किया जाता है उन्हें Descriptive Essays कहा जाता है। इनका क्षेत्र बहुतै विस्तृत है; जैसे-दिल्ली, कोलकाता, मकान, गाँव, डाकिया, सिपाही, घोड़ा, गाय, कार, मोबाइल आदि का वर्णन आदि।
• Reflective Essays : Essays जिनमें किसी विषय, जो भावों से जुड़ा हो, पर विचारों का गहन चिन्तन किया जाता है, उन्हें Reflective Essays कहा जाता है; जैसे-ईमानदारी, न्याय, अच्छाई आदि का वर्णन आदि।
• Imaginative Essays : ऐसे Essays पूर्णतया कल्पना पर आधारित (UPBoardSolutions.com) होते हैं। इस तरह के Essays में लेखक को काल्पनिक रूप में स्वयं को ऐसी स्थिति में रखना होता है जिसका उसे कोई वास्तविक अनुभव नहीं होता। ऐसे विषय; जैसे-If I were a king’ अथवा ‘The autobiography of a rupee coin’ आदि Imaginative Essays के उदाहरण हैं।

How to Write an Essay
Examination essays, ordinary essays से भिन्न होते हैं। पहले प्रकार के essay समय की कमी और भावनात्मक दबाव में लिखे जाते हैं। किन्तु दोनों ही स्थितियों में लिखने वाले को दिए गए essay की outline (रूपरेखा) तैयार करनी होती है और essay को उचित प्रकार से लिखने से पहले outline को revise करना होता है।

Reading : विषय से सम्बन्धित जानकारी के अभाव में एक good essay लिखना कठिन होता है। विषय से सम्बन्धित जानकारी अधिकाधिक reading से मिलती हैं। इसलिए विद्यार्थियों को चाहिए कि वे अच्छी पुस्तकों व समाचार पत्रों को पढ़े और स्वयं को mentally alert और well equipped रखें। Bacon said, “ Reading maketh a full man”.

इसलिए यदि आप अच्छा essay लिखना चाहते हैं तो आपको reading की आदत डालनी चाहिए। Reading का अर्थ केवल stories books पढ़ना ही नहीं है अपितु history, travel, biography और science की अच्छी पुस्तकें पढ़ना भी है। ऐसा करने से आप एक ‘Fullman’ बन जाते हो और एक ‘Fullman’ के पास अधिकतर विषयों पर कहने के लिए बहुत कुछ होता है।

Observation : समस्त ज्ञान केवल books को पढ़ने से ही नहीं मिलता। हम अपने चारों ओर के जीवन से भी बहुत कुछ सीख सकते हैं। इसके लिए हमें अपनी आँखों और कानों को खुला रखना चाहिए
और स्वयं के अनुभव से सीखना चाहिए।

Conversation : Books को men and women लिखते हैं और यदि हम उनके लिखे से सीख सकते हैं तो हम उनके कहे से भी बहुत कुछ सीख सकते हैं। हमें लोगों के वार्तालाप को सुनना चहिए
और उनकी जानकारी के विषय पर उनसे बातचीत करनी चाहिए। अपने मित्रों के साथ अपनी पसन्द के विषयों पर बातचीत करनी चाहिए। इस प्रकार से भी आप बहुत कुछ सीख सकते हैं। लेखक पढ़कर, निरीक्षण कर व.लोगों से बातचीत करके अपने मस्तिष्क को विचारों और ज्ञान से समृद्ध करता है।

Parts of an Essay
हमें एक essay को तीन parts में divide कर सकते हैं-The Introduction, the Body of the Essay, and the Conclusion.

• The Introduction : प्रत्येक essay की एक impressive या significant beginning होती है जिसमें essay का scope या subject स्पष्ट रूप से परिभाषित होता है। इस भाग को introduction के नाम से जाना जाता है। Introduction में एक (UPBoardSolutions.com) definition या एक quotation, proverb, very short story या विषय को छूता general remark होता है। Introduction संक्षिप्त होना चाहिए।
• The Body of the Essay : Essay के अगले भाग, जो सभी पहलूओं से विषय का वर्णन करता : है, को the body of the essay कहा जाता है। इसमें विभिन्न विचारों को अलग-अलग paragraphs में बाँटा जाता है। ये विचार आपस में logically linked होते हैं। Paragraphs में विचारों के repetition या confusion से बचना चाहिए। विचारों को simple और direct manner में व्यक्त करना चाहिए। ऊँचे प्रवाह व शब्दाडम्बरयुक्त भाषा से बचना चाहिए।
• The Conclusion : जिस प्रकार essay का introduction रूचिकर होना चाहिए उसी प्रकार essay का conclusion संतोषजनक होना चाहिए। एक असंगत ending पूरे essay के प्रभाव को खराब कर सकती है। Conclusion या ending भी introduction की तरह ही बहुत लम्बी नहीं होनी चाहिए।

Some Practical Hints for Essay Writing

1. विषय पर चिन्तन कर इसे समझने का प्रयत्न करना चाहिए।
2. विषय सम्बन्धित समस्त जानकारी या विचारों को क्रमांक देकर points में लिख लेना चाहिए।
3. इन points को उचित headings के under समूहों में वर्गीकृत कर लेना चाहिए।
4. एक brief और attractive introduction सोच लेनी चाहिए।
5. Essay की body को paragraphs में विभाजित कर उचित system और proportion में लिखना चाहिए।
   1. कभी भी अपने विषय से भटकना नहीं चाहिए और (UPBoardSolutions.com) tenses का भी सही प्रयोग करना चाहिए।
6. Conclusion को effective व satisfying बनाना चाहिए।
7. Essay writing के समय punctuation marks, spellings और capital letters का सही प्रयोग करने का ध्यान रखना चाहिए।
8. एक simple, concise, clear, direct और natural style में essay को लिखना चाहिए। इसमें पहले से लिखे को repeat नहीं करना चाहिए।
9. समाप्त करने से पहले अपने essay को एक बार revise जरूर कर लेना चाहिए।

Note : Introduction, body व conclusion ये तीनों केवल guide points हैं। इन्हें अपने essay में लिखना अनिवार्य नहीं है।
विद्यार्थियों के अवलोकनार्थ सभी प्रकार के essay के specimen नीचे दिए जा रहे हैं।

1.Specimen of a Narrative Essay:
‘A Street Quarrel’

It was Sunday afternoon. I was reading a novel of Munshi Prem Chand. I was completely lost in reading the novel. All of a sudden, shouting’s and wailing’s started in the neighhourbood, and people came running out of their houses.

I jumped up from my chair, placed the book aside and went out.At first I could not make out as to what had actually happened. Many men and women of our neighborhood were trying to talk at one and the same time. At last I pulled aside a neighbor and asked him the cause of this turmoil.He told me that two of our neighbors Kishore and Sunder had come to blows. (UPBoardSolutions.com) The trouble had started with children. A dozen of them were playing cricket in the street. There was an argument between the children. One of them beat up the other. The beaten child went weeping to his mother who stormed into the house of aggressor. Their husbands also joined the fray. Kishore had his nose broken while Sunder’s wife lost two teeth. In the free-for-all two neighbors also got hurt. The crowd watched the fight without trying to intervene.

As soon as the police arrived at the scene, the crowd melted away. Nobody was prepared to tell the whole story to the police. I had to volunteer myself to tell the facts to the best of my knowledge.

The police arrested four persons for disturbing the peace. They were marched to the police station and locked up for the night. The peace talks started as soon as the police went away. By next noon the arrested persons were back home shaking hands and promising to be good neighbor once again.

2. Specimen of a Descriptive Essay:
An Indian Farmer

Farming is one of oldest professions in India. Farmers, even today, are about sixty per cent of the total population of our country. They are the back-bone of nation. They not only provide food for the people but also send their children to army to defend our borders against foreign aggression.

The Indian farmer has not, however changed much with the change of times. Except the big and well-to-do farmers, the average farmer continues to use old methods and implements of farming. The same types of plough or pair of oxen, used two thousand years ago, continue to be in use today. Tractors, tube wells, and fertilizers are used only by a very few farmers—not exceeding twenty five per cent in any case. As a result poverty continues, and we are not able to feed the total population when the monsoon fails. We have to import food grains worth crores.

The life of an Indian farmer continues to be hard. He rises early. He works on the field in extreme heat and cold. There is hardly any change of routine in his life. Nor is there any change possible in the near future. Among the more well to do, however, some change for the better is noticeable. By mechanizing farming they have reduced human labor. The average (UPBoardSolutions.com) yield has increased and that means more wealth. Wealth has succeeded in raising the political and social status of the farmers. Their standard of living has risen. Their children are now much better fed, clothed and educated.

3. A Specimen of Reflective Essay:
Patriotism

Patriotism means the love for one’s own country. The love for one’s country is higher than all other types of love. A patriot commands for greater respect than a man having wealth of power. There is no selfishness in his love. He is always ready to sacrifice everything for his country.

Patriots occupy a very high place in the history of a nation. Their lives and achievements make a nation strong. They inspire the coming generations too. Men like Robert Bruce, Garibaldi, Gandhi ji, Nehru, Patel and Subhash are known all over the world. They are honored and respected by all.

How should we honor our patriots? They cannot be truly honored by building memorials and delivering lectures alone. The correct way is to understand their teaching and follow them earnestly in our lives. The interest of the country should be placed above every other interest.

It is not wealth that makes a country great. Patriotism of her citizens alone can determine her fate. This world has seen many big empires like the Chinese, the Persian, the Mauriyan and the British. These have risen and (UPBoardSolutions.com) fallen. These nations rose when selfishness replaced patriotism. We Indians should, therefore, keep this flame of patriotism burning brightly in our hearts.

4. A Specimen of Imaginative Essays:
If I were the Prime Minister of India

My heart aches when I see the conditions in India, Poverty, disease, corruption, ignorance surround our people. Even after sixty five years of freedom we are still in much the same condition. I do not know what I do. I am pained by all these things. Being a child I do not as yet know the solutions of our many problems. I feel that the government of a country can do a lot to improve the lot of its people. So I want to be at the head of the government. I wish I were the Prime Minister of India! What would I do then?

The job of a Prime Minister is really tough. I would, therefore rise above the narrow bonds of self-interest. I would adhere to certain principles in my planning. There would be little scope for corruption, favoritism and nepotism. I would work for the country rather than for any party. The basic problem of our country is our dependence on other nations even (UPBoardSolutions.com) for essential commodities. The first thing that I would therefore do will be to increase production and arrange for proper distribution of essential things. The production, it is generally believed, these days increases, not on the farms or in the factories but on the paper alone. We bring revolutions sometimes green, sometimes white, but they are no better than dreams. They vanish at the first touch of reality.

I shall do my best to restore merit to its proper place. If the evils of bribery and black market are eradicated most of the problems will be automatically solved but I believe that heavy punishments to law breakers are still the need of the hour. Lethargy is our national weakness. Our people, young and old, do not want to work. They only want to enjoy holidays. They have forgotten the golden maxim ‘work is worship’. I shall take steps to ensure that everybody does his due share of work. Work will be provided for the unemployed. Promotions and awards will be based on individual merit without any fear or favor. For this purpose, only honest and devoted workers will be given the key posts.

Lastly the present system of education will be overhauled. Education will be made more practical and more related to jobs than now. ‘It will be linked with practical life. My approach to all problems will be practical. I pray to God to grant me my wish!

‘Story Writing’

Story Writing सभी साहित्यिक रचनाओं में से सबसे पुराना है। यहाँ तक की जब मानव गुफाओं में रहता था तो उसने अवश्य ही लम्बी सर्दियों की रातें बिताने के लिए अपने बच्चों और औरतों को stories सुनाई होगी।

बाद में जब सभ्यता का विकास हुआ तो कहानियों को एक moral को उजागर करने अथवा एक रूचिकर घटना अथवा अनुभव को बताने के लिए लिखा जाने लगा। पंचतन्त्र की कहानियाँ ऐसी कहानियों के उदाहरण हैं जो जीवन के मौलिक अनुभवों पर आधारित हैं और जिनमें बुद्धि और व्यवहारिक कुशाग्रता का समावेश है।
कहानी को प्रभावशाली बनाने के लिए निम्न सुझावों को ध्यान में रखना आवश्यक है–

1. Writer को कहानी के plot का clear idea होना चाहिए और उसे बिना इधर-उधर की बातें करते हुए एक सधे हुए introduction के साथ story की शुरुआत करनी चाहिए।
2. Story को समान रूप से develop करना चाहिए और इसके विभिन्न अंशों का विस्तार मध्यम लम्बाई का होना चाहिए। Writer को story के basic idea को ध्यान में रखते हुए story को लिखना चाहिए।
3. जहाँ कहीं सम्भव हो dialogue या conversation का समावेश story में करना चाहिए किन्तु यह natural (स्वाभाविक) होना चाहिए और story को आगे बढ़ाने में सहायक होना चाहिए।
4. यदि एक Outline (रूपरेखा) दी गई हो तो लेखक को घटनाओं व Outline (UPBoardSolutions.com) में दिए गए घटनाक्रम का पालन करना चाहिए। किसी भी बिन्दु को छोड़ना नहीं चाहिए। किसी भी तरह के missing link को writer को पूरा कर देना चाहिए।
5. Heading या Title का चयन बहुत ही ध्यान से करना चाहिए। एक प्रचलित proverb या घटना के main character को story के heading या title के रूप में चुनना चाहिए।
6. कहानी को जहाँ तक हो सके past tense में ही लिखना चाहिए और ऐसी भाषा का प्रयोग करना चाहिए जो सरल व व्याकरण की दृष्टि से सही हो।

उपरोक्त बातों को ध्यान में रखकर आप एक अच्छी कहानी लिख सकते हैं। विद्यार्थियों के अवलोकनार्थ कुछ कहानियों की Outlines को उनके develop रूप में नीचे दिया जा रहा है
(1) Outline : A lion lies sleeping in a forest—a mouse run across his body—the lion catches it in his paw—the mouse prays for life—the lion spares it—later the lion is caught in a hunter net—the mouse nibbles at the net and the lion escapes.

(Complete Story)

The Lion and the Mouse

Once a lion was sleeping in a thick forest. Nearby there was a small hole where a mouse lived. He was a naughty but gentle mouse. It came out of the hole and began to move softly round the sleeping lion. Suddenly it went up the sleeping lion. It started running on his back and head.

The lion woke up with a stare and got angry. He caught it in his paw. He threatened to kill it, he said, “You idiot : you’ll pay for it with your life.” The mouse trembled in fear. It humbly said, “Sir, I am only an humble (UPBoardSolutions.com) mouse. If you kill me, it well do you no good. If you spare my life, I may be of some help to you some day. Please forgive me, sir.” The lion laughed at his words. He let it go.

Many months passed. A hunter came to the forest. He cast a strong net. The lion was caught in the net. He roared again, and again, but could not get out of the net.

The mouse heard the lion’s roar. It came running out of its hole. Silently it began to cut the ropes. It freed the lion very soon. He patted the humble mouse in gratefulness, and went away to the dark forest.

Moral : Do good, have god.
(2) Outline : Robert Bruce, King of Scotland—defeated again and again—the English win–the king is sad and gloomy inside a cave—sees a spider climbing each time it reaches near the roof, it falls down—tries again and again-gets success—the king learns a lesson-tries and wins.

(Complete Story)

King Bruce and the Spider

Many centuries ago there lived a king in Scotland. He was noble and full of love for his country. He wanted to free Scotland from the yoke of England. England and Scotland were, therefore, constantly at war.

Robert Bruce gathered a big army and fought against the English six times. But every time he was defeated by the English army. He had a narrow escape. His sixth defeat broke his heart. He hid himself in a dark and deep cave. (UPBoardSolutions.com) Even the sun’s rays could not reach there. He decided never to fight again. He wished to spend the rest of his days in the dark cave.

One day, the king was sadly pondering over his defeats. His eyes fell upon a spider. It was trying to reach the high ceiling. It fell down to the floor. After a short while it tried again. But it fell down once again. Every time it fell, it started climbing all over again. It tried seven times. King Bruce watched the spider with keen eyes. The spider made the last attempt to reach its goal. And this time it was successful. The king felt ashamed of himself. He rose with a new determination. The spider had taught him a lesson “Never say die”, but “Try, try again”. He gathered a large army once again. He gave a good beating to the English this time. He freed his country at last.

Moral : “Try, try, again and win.”
(3) Outline : Dispute between the Sun and the wind who is stronger? Wind blows traveler clasps his coat tighter–sun shines-traveler takes off coat-conclusion.

(Complete Story)

The Sun and the Wind

Once a dispute arose between the Sun and the wind. The Sun said, “I am the king of the sky, I melt the snow on the hills. I dry up the rivers. I bring rain to the thirsty earth.” The wind laughed loudly and replied, “I am far stronger than you are. I uproot trees. I can destroy big buildings in the twinkling of an eye.” When they were quarreling, a lonely person was walking slowly on a road. He had a thick woolen coat on. The sun smiled and said to the wind, “Let us try our strength on-this man. Whosoever makes (UPBoardSolutions.com) him take off his coat, will be the winner. You can try your strength on him first.” The wind agreed at once. It attacked the man with its full strength. The man closed his coat still tighter. When the wind blew faster, the man sat down under a rock. The wind failed in its attempt.

Now the Sun came gently out of the clouds. The traveler got up and started walking. The Sun became brighter and warmer. The traveler felt hot. He took off his coat and put it on his shoulder. The Sun thus won the dispute.

Moral : “Gentleness is more powerful than Force.”
(4) Outline : A slave runs from a cruel master-meets a lion in a forest-pulls out a thorn from its paw-the slave is caught–ordered to be thrown before a hungry lion–the lion licks his hands–set free.

(Complete Story)

The Slave and the Lion

Once there lived a slave in the city of Rome. His master was very cruel. He beat him mercilessly every day. The slave could not bear it and ran away. He knew that if he was caught he would be killed. He preferred death to his master’s cruelty.

When he was passing through the forest he came across a lion. It was rolling on earth in pain and striking its paw on the ground again and again. The slave went up to the lion and took out the thorn. The lion felt a great relief. It licked the hands of the slave and then went away. The servants of the slave’s master caught him after some time. He was taken back to the city of Rome. He was tried in a court. The judge ordered that he should be thrown before a hungry lion.

On the fixed day a crowd of people came out to see the spectacle. The slave was taken to the lion. The lion’s cage was opened. With a loud roar the lion sprang on the slave. It raised its paw to strike him down, but the paw (UPBoardSolutions.com) never struck. The lion went down on its knees. It began to lick the slave’s hands. The crowd was surprised at this. It was the same lion as the slave had helped. The slave was called to explain the mystery. He told the whole story. He was at once set free.

Moral : “Kindness never goes unrewarded.”
(5) Outline : An ass carrying salt passes through a stream falls down—salt dissolves—burden becomes lighter— makes it a habit—the master sees through bring load of cotton—lies down in stream burden increases.

(Complete Story)

The Ass and His Load of Salt

Once there lived a shopkeeper in a village. He had a clever ass. One day he was bringing salt on the donkey. They had to cross a stream on the way. When the ass entered the stream, it fell down and the salt was dissolved in water. When the ass got up, it felt lighter. It was very happy.

The next day the shopkeeper again brought salt. This time the ass fell down knowingly and much of the salt was dissolved in water. The shopkeeper got angry at this: He decided to teach the ass a lesson.

The next day he loaded the ass with cotton. As usual the ass fell down in mid-stream. It had hoped that its burden would be reduced. But to the surprise of the ass, the burden had much increased this time. It could hardly move, but the master beat it with his stick to make it run faster. The ass came to the conclusion that over-cleverness does not always pay.

Moral : “Over-cleverness does not pay.”
(6) Outline : A wolf drinking water—a young lamb also drinking water at a lower level of the brook wolf hungry-wants to eat the lamb—accuses him of abusing, of making the water muddy-kills the lamb.

(Complete Story)

The Wolf and the Lamb

Once there lived a wolf in a forest. It was very clever and bad tempered. It went to a brook to drink water. When it was drinking water, it saw a young lamb also drinking water at a short distance. It wanted to kill the lamb. It said to the young lamb. “You naughty chap, you abused me last year. For this I am going to eat you up now.” The lamb humbly replied, “Sir, I was (UPBoardSolutions.com) not even born last year, I am only eight months old. How could I insult your majesty?” The wolf spoke angrily, “Why are you making the water dirty?” The lamb said humbly, “Sir, the water is flowing from you to me. How can I make the water dirty?” The wolf jumped at the poor lamb saying, “You rascal! You do not know how to behave.” It tore the lamb into pieces and ate it up in no time.

Moral : “Might is right.”

Letter Writing

Letter writing हमारे जीवन का एक महत्त्वपूर्ण भाग है। यह Personal और Professional दोनों ही life में आवश्यक है। यह केवल एक duty नहीं अपितु एक pleasure भी है। कुछ महान् writers और poets महान letter writer भी थे। इसलिए letter writing के art को सीखना ही आवश्यक नही अपितु इसकी निरन्तर practice भी आवश्यक है।

Some General Instructions for Letters writing

1. Letters सदैव एक simple और direct manner में लिखे जाने चाहिए। पत्र में इधर-उधर की बातें नहीं लिखनी चाहिए।
2. Letters संक्षिप्त होने चाहिए, किन्तु इनमें writer के विचार अथवा उद्देश्य स्पष्ट होने चाहिए।
3. हमें लिखे जाने वाले व्यक्ति को ध्यान में रखते हुए letter लिखना चाहिए।
4. Letters में अशिष्ट और कठोर भाषा का प्रयोग नहीं करना चाहिए।
5. विभिन्न विचारों को अलग-अलग paragraphs में व्यक्त करना चाहिए और mix नहीं करना चाहिए।

स्पष्टता (Clarity), संक्षिप्तता (Conciseness) और विनम्रता (Sincerity) एक अच्छे पत्र के तीन आवश्यक तत्व हैं।

Types of Letters
पत्र दो प्रकार के होते हैं

1. Informal Letters ( अनौपचारिक पत्र) : ये पत्र अपने सगे सम्बन्धियों, रिश्तेदारों, मित्रों और परिचितों को लिखे जाते हैं। इन्हें Personal/ Private Letters भी कहा जाता है।
2. Formal Letters (औपचारिक पत्र) : यह एक प्रकार का प्रार्थना-पत्र या सूचना-पत्र होता है। जिसके माध्यम से प्रार्थना, आवेदन, व्यावसायिक सूचना, पूछताछ अथवा एक प्रकार का निमंत्रण आदि भेजा जाता है। ये पत्र अधिकारी या व्यापारी वर्ग को लिखे जाते हैं।
यद्यपि प्रत्येक Letter की अपनी कुछ विशेषताएँ होती हैं फिर भी सभी पत्रों में एक चीज (UPBoardSolutions.com) common होती हैं। प्रत्येक पत्र को निम्न भागों में बाँटा जा सकता है

(A) The Heading (शीर्षक)
(B) The Salutation (सम्बोधन)
(C) The Body (विषय-वस्तु)
(D) The Subscription/End (अन्त)
(E) The Signature (हस्ताक्षर)
(F) The Superscription (पता)

Parts of Letter

• (A) The Heading (शीर्षक) : इसमें लिखने वाले का address और letter लिखे जाने की date व day होता है। इसे पृष्ठ के बाईं ओर सबसे ऊपर लिखा पता है जिसके नीचे date दी जाती है; जैसे
  183B, Anandpuri,
  Railway Road,
  Meerut-250002
  March 30, 2014
  Date को सदैव March 30, 2016 अथवा 30th March, 2016 लिखना चाहिए न कि 30.03.2016। ऊपर लिखे गए address में दिए गए punctuation को सावधानीपूर्वक पढ़कर सदैव अनुकरण करना चाहिए।
• (B) The Salutation ( सम्बोधन ) : सम्बोधन या अभिवादन को पृष्ठ के बाईं ओर कुछ नीचे लिखना चाहिए। इसे personal letters में लिखे जाने वाले व्यक्ति के सम्बन्ध के अनुसार लिखा जाता है। व्यक्तिगत और व्यावसायिक पत्रों में इसे ‘Sir’ अथवा ‘Dear Sir लिखा जाता है।
  Personal Letters में यह निम्न प्रकार से लिखा जाता है
  (i) My dear Brother
  (ii) Dear Father
  (iii) Dear Anurag
  (iv) My dear Anju
• (C) The Body(विषय-वस्तु): पत्र की Body इसका सबसे महत्त्वपूर्ण भाग होता है और writer के दिए जाने वाले सन्देश या सूचना को प्रेषित करता है। Letter की body का पहला शब्द सदैव एक capital letter से आरम्भ होता है। विचारों को स्पष्ट और सरल भाषा में व्यक्त किया जाना चाहिए। विभिन्न विचारों को अलग-अलग paragraph में लिखना चाहिए। प्रयुक्त भाषा विनम्र और व्याकरण की दृष्टि से सही होनी चाहिए। (UPBoardSolutions.com) पत्रे मध्यम लम्बाई का होना चाहिए। पत्र में अनावश्यक बातों से बचना चाहिए। व्यक्ति पत्र को व्यक्तिगत सम्मान अथवा स्नेहपूर्ण शब्दों से समाप्त करना चाहिए ; जैसे-With best wishes अथवा ‘With kind regards’ आदि जैसे अवसरे की आवश्यकता हो।
• (D) The Subscription( पत्र का अन्त ) : Subscription को पत्र का अन्त कहा जाता है। यह अन्तिम वाक्य के बाईं ओर लिखा जाता है। Salutation और Subscription का प्रयोग परम्परा और व्यवहार के परिणाम स्वरूप अनिवार्य और निश्चित है। इसलिए, विद्यार्थियों को salutation और subscription के निम्न समूहों को ध्यानपूर्वक पढ़ना और याद करना चाहिए

Note: It should be remembered that there should be no apostrophe (‘) after ‘r’ in yours.

• (E) Signature( हस्ताक्षर ): Signature सदैव subscription के नीचे किए जाते हैं; जैसे
  Yours sincerely
  Ajay Jain
• (F) Superscription or Address (TAT) : Superscription या Address को साफ-साफ और पूरा लिखना चाहिए। जैसे
  
  विद्यार्थियों के अवलोकनार्थ Informal व Formal letters के कुछ नमूने (Specimen) नीचे दिए जा रहे हैं।

Specimen of Informal Letters
(Personal/Private Letters)

1. Write a letter to your uncle thanking him for sending you a birthday present.

72, Vijay Nagar
W.K. Road, Meerut
June 19, 2016
My dear Uncle,
It was indeed, a pleasure to receive a beautiful wrist-watch from you as a birthday present. The job of my birthday party was increased many times by your wonderful gift, and I felt right on top of the world. I am (UPBoardSolutions.com) thankful to you for your kind rememberence and love.
With love and respect.
Yours affectionately,
Nitin

2. Write a letter to your younger brother,advising him to avoid bad company in the school.

10, New Hostel,
Mall Road, Almora
January 15, 2016
My dear Mohit,
I have been told that you are no making any progress in your studies at your new school. Also you spend too much your time in useless gossips. I have been deeply pained to hear all these things.
Father has very high hopes pinned on you. He always says that you are the brightest child in the family. But your result card must have given him a rude shock.
Remember that this opportunity and all the facilities you enjoy now, will not last for ever. If you misuse your time and money in the company of bad friends, your life will be a constant misery. Therefore, avoid bad friends and use your books diligently.
With love,
Yours affectionately,
Rahul

Specimen of Formal Letters

1. Write a letter to the Health Officer of your city, bringing to his notice the insanitary conditions in the city.

221–G.T Road,
Karnal.
August 18, 2016
To,
The Health Officer
Municipal Committee,
Karnal.
Dear Sir,
I regret to bring to your notice that the sanitation of our city is deteriorating at an alarming pace. The drains in the streets are uncovered. These are not cleaned and flushed with water daily. The result is that (UPBoardSolutions.com) foul smell is always coming out of these. Flies and mosquitoes are breeding fast. It is not surprising that many people are down with malaria and dysentery.
Heaps of refuse are lying near the vegetable market and in the main bazar. The sweepers are nowhere to be seen. The Sanitary Inspector is seen once in a blue moon, and pleads his inability to do anything in the matter.
The rainy season has already set in. You are requested to give a shake up to the sanitation department and get things moving. Otherwise we may soon be overtaken by an epidemic.
Yours faithfully
Ram Prakash.

2. Write a letter to the Editor, The Times of India, New Delhi, bringing to the notice of the authorities the bad lighting and insanitary conditions in your town.

TO,
The Editor,
The Times of India,
New Delhi,

Sir,
Kindly allow me to use your columns to ventilate the sufferings and grievances of the public of Khatauli town. For quite a long time the sanitation of this growing town has been in a very bad shape. The drains are uncovered and give out foul smell. There is no regular arrangement for clearing the drains. In some streets the drains are used as public latrines. There are big pools of water on both sides of the road which breed mosquitoes which in turn breed malaria.
The lighting along the main road is inadequate and has been the cause of a few serious accidents. In the side-streets there is hardly any lighting worth the name. Requests to the Municipal authorities in this connection (UPBoardSolutions.com) have had no effect. I, therefore, appeal to the Govt. to take notice of these shortcomings before an epidemic breaks out.
Yours truly,
Om Prakash
51-Delhi Road
Khatauli
April 1, 2016

3. Write an application to the Principal of your school requesting him to grant you leave of absence for 5 days.

To,
The Principal
S.D. High School,
Meerut.

Sir,
Respectfully I beg to state that my mother is seriously ill. There is no one to look after her. I may, therefore, be granted leave of absence from the school for 5 days, that is, from 5th to 9th instant.
Thanking you,
Yours obediently,
Sunil Kumar,
XB, Roll No. 15
June 1, 2016

4. Write an application to the Principal of your school requesting him to issue the school leaving certificate.

To,
The Principal,
Saraswati Vidya Mandir,
Meerut.

Sir,
Respectfully, I beg to submit that my father has been (UPBoardSolutions.com) transferred to Saharanpur and is to join there within a day or two. I, therefore, request you to issue my school leaving certificate.
I have returned all the library books and paid all the dues.
Thanking you.
Yours obediently,
Naman Gupta
X-A, Roll No. 22
June 15, 2016

Unseen Passage

Unseen Passage एक प्रकार का passage है जिसमें विद्यार्थियों द्वारा अवतरण के सारांश और अर्थ की समझ को परखने के लिए passage पर based प्रश्न पूछे जाते हैं।

How to Solve an Unseen Passage
किसी unseen passage पर आधारित प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखने के लिए छात्रों को निम्नलिखित सुझावों को ध्यानपूर्वक पढ़ना चाहिए।

1. General idea प्राप्त करने के लिए passage को शीघ्रता से एवं ठीक से पढ़ना चाहिए।
2. Details को जानने के लिए इसे दोबारा कुछ धीमें से पढ़ना चाहिए।
3. Questions को अच्छी तरह से पढ़ना चाहिए और answers के लिए passage के संगत/प्रासंगिक भाग की ओर मुड़कर उसे दोबारा पढ़ना चाहिए और तब उन्हें own words में सुन्दर और स्पष्ट लिखना चाहिए।
4. उत्तर लिखते समय पूर्ण वाक्यों का प्रयोग करना चाहिए एवं उत्तर को (UPBoardSolutions.com) पूछे गए प्रश्न के tense को ध्यान में रखते हुए उसी tense में देना चाहिए।
5. उत्तर लिखने के बाद उन्हें revise कर लेना चाहिए। ऐसा करने से spelling और व्याकरण सम्बन्धी त्रुटियों से बचा जा सकता है।
6. प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखते समय अपने ज्ञान का प्रदर्शन आवश्यक नहीं है, बल्कि इस ओर ध्यान देना अत्यन्त आवश्यक है कि उत्तर सही और सुसंगत हो तथा पूर्णतः passage पर आधारित हो।।
7. Suitable Title के चयन के लिए paragraph को ध्यानपूर्वक पढ़कर आपको अपने आप से यह question करना चाहिए। “What is this paragraph about?” इस question का answer स्वतः एक suitable-title सुझा देगा।
   ऐसा कहना गलत है कि suitable title सदैव paragraph के first या last sentence में होता है। यद्यपि शुरुआत व निष्कर्ष important होते हैं और आपको paragraph के substance को समझने में help कर सकते हैं। Title में words की संख्या के लिए कोई hard and fast rules नहीं हैं। यद्यपि आपको कम-से-कम शब्दों का use करना चाहिए क्योंकि एक brief title सदैव attractive होता है।
   Title में सभी important words को capital letters में शुरू करना चाहिए।
8. यदि difficult words के meaning पूछे जाते हैं तो आपको इनके explanations English में देने चाहिए।

Note : यह आवश्यक नहीं है कि passage में आए हुए प्रत्येक शब्द का अर्थ ज्ञात हो, passage के भावार्थ तथा उसमें प्रयुक्त वाक्यांशों को समझने की कोशिश करनी चाहिए।

Some Practical Rules
सामान्यतः विद्यार्थी unseen passages की उपेक्षा कर उनसे बचते हैं जबकि ये ऐसे marks हैं जो न केवल उन्हें pass करने में सहायक होते हैं बल्कि उनके percentage को भी बेहतर हैं। नीचे कुछ प्रश्न और उनके उत्तर दिए जा रहें हैं जिनका अध्ययन passage पर आधारित प्रश्नों के उत्तर देने में सहायक सिद्ध होगा

(A) Yes/No Answer Type Questions :
नीचे दिए गए questions तथा उनके answers को ध्यान से पढ़िए-

Question 1.
Is he a farmer?
Answer :
Yes, he is a farmer or No, he is not a farmer.

Question 2 .
Does Rekha live abroad?
Answer :
Yes, she lives abroad or No, she doesn’t live abroad.

Question 3.
Did the hen lay some eggs?
Answer :
Yes, the hen laid some eggs or No, the hen didn’t lay some eggs.

Notes : उपरोक्त प्रकार के प्रश्नों का उत्तर दो प्रकार से मात्र छात्रों के अध्ययन के लिए दिया गया है। परीक्षिा में passage के आधार पर उन्हें एक ही प्रकार का उत्तर देना होगा।

(B) Wh-Type Questions

नीचे कॉलप ‘A’ के अन्तर्गत दिए गए questions तथा कॉलप ‘B’ के अन्तर्गत दिए गए उनके answers को ध्यान से पढ़िए

Note: Questions व answers के bold face में छपे words को ध्यान में रखकर यह जानने का प्रयत्न कीजिएा की कौन – सा Question-word (What, Which, Whose, Who, Where, When, why, How) कौन-सी information ज्ञात करने के लिए प्रयुक्त किया गया है। Question words द्वारा पूछी गयी जानकारी को answer में bold face में छपे शब्दों द्वारा दिया गया है। where का प्रयोग place, when का प्रयोग time, why (UPBoardSolutions.com) का प्रयोग reason तथा how का प्रयोग manner या condition ज्ञात करने के लिए करते हैं। what का प्रयोग पहचान व व्यवसाय (profession) गनने के लिए करते हैं। who का प्रयोग name जानने के लिए किया जाता है।
विद्यार्थियों के अवलोकनार्थ कुछ unseen passages को उनके solutions (Answers) सहित नीचे दिया जा रहा है

Example 1
The men who were governing Athens summoned Socrates to appear before them and to stand his trial. His friends begged him to escape or to hide until the storm had blown over. But Socrates was not coward. He knew that he has done nothing wrong and that he had only taught what he believed to be just, true and honorable, and so he went to the Court. His clothes and shoes were dusty and travel-stained. But everyone knew that a noble heart beat under the shabby garments.

He made a powerful and dignified speech. He told the Athenians that they would gain nothing by taking away the last few years of his life, but that he was willing to die many deaths for what he believed to be right.

Answer the following questions :

1. Who summoned Socrates and why?
2. What did Socrates’ friends beg him?
3. Why did Socrates go to the court?
4. Why did people like Socrates?
5. What did he tell to the Athenians?
6. Pick out from the passage the word which means the same as ‘strong’.

Answer:

1. The men who were governing Athens summoned Socrates to appear before them and to stand his trial.
2. His friends begged him to escape or to hide until the storm had blown over.
3. Socrates knew that he had done nothing (UPBoardSolutions.com) wrong. So he went to the court.
4. People loved Socrates because they knew that he was a noble heart.
5. He told the Athenians that they would gain nothing by taking away the last few years of his life.
6. Powerful.

Example 2
One of the most remarkable things ever invented is wireless telegraphy, by means of which messages can be sent to all parts of the world without the aid · of wires. The man whom we must thank for this is Guglielmo Marconi. He was born in Italy in 1874, of an Italian father and an Irish mother. Even when he was a boy, Marconi loved to make experiments. One of these was to make a new kind of ink from the juice of some wild berries which grew near his home. At the time when Marconi was a school boy the important discovery was made that space in the universe is filled with a light substance called ether. This is made up of particles, so tiny that it can make its way through all matter, liquid, solid, or gas. When the rays of the sun pass through this ether, waves are created. These waves travel very speedily in every direction, lighting up everything upon which they fall.

Answer the following questions :

1. What is wireless telegraphy?
2. Who invented it and where was its inventor born?
3. Describe any one experiment which Marconi made.
4. What is ether? What happens when the rays of the sun pass through it?
5. Explain the bold words in the passage.
6. Give a suitable title to the above passage.

Answer:

1. Wireless telegraphy is an invention of science by which messages can be sent to all parts of the world without the aid of wires.
2. A scientist named Guglielmo Marconi invented it. He was born in Italy.
3. One of his experiments was to make a new kind of ink from the juice of some wild berries which grew near his home.
4. Ether is a light substance which fills the space. When the (UPBoardSolutions.com) rays of the sun pass through it, waves are created and light up everything upon which they fall.
5. (i) Without the aid of = without the help of
   (ii) So tiny = very small
6. The suitable title for the above passage may be ‘Marconi : The Great Scientist.

Example 3
Man is made up of many qualities, both good and bad, and among the latter is anger. The nature of every human being is such that anything that gives offence to his sentiment, or goes against his principles, excites his anger. The evils which result from anger are many. Under its influence a man loses his power of reasoning and judgement. Not being able to retain control over himself when angry, he does not know what he is doing or saying. Under its influence a man puts off his balance that he forgets his duty towards his superiors and may even go to the extent of saying things which are extremely insulting to them. When anger gets the better of man, he is capable of committing the worst crimes, and there is nothing to be surprised if under its evil influence, he commits murder.

Answer the following questions :

1. What happens to man’s important mental powers when he is angry?
2. What excites the anger of every human being?
3. Why does an angry man forget his duty towards his superiors and starts insulting them?
4. What can be the worst that a man can do when anger gets full control over him?
5. Give the opposite of the word ‘worst.

Answer :

1. When a man is angry his important mental powers are vanished.
2. Anything that gives offence to his sentiments, or goes against his principles, excites his anger
3. An angry man forgets his duty towards his superiors and starts insulting them because under the influence of anger a man loses his power of reasoning and judgement.
4. The worst that a man can do is that he is capable of committing the worst crime i.e., murder.
5. Best.

Example 4
Holidays are meant for rest and recreation. The great strain put upon the brain of students by having to remain constantly engaged in studies during several months in the year makes it necessary for the brain to have some rest. This rest is afforded by the vacations. The holidays should, therefore, be utilize in such a manner as to give some rest to the body and mind, for which they are primarily intended. Recreations like walking in open air, rowing and playing some good game should be the daily pursuits. (UPBoardSolutions.com) Paying visits to friends and relatives and thereby having an opportunity to see new places, is another pleasant occupation. Those who can afford, may quite profitably spend their time in visiting places of interest. Travelling broadens the mental outlook and increases knowledge.

Answer the following questions :

1. What is the main purpose of providing holidays?
2. What puts strain on the brain of students?
3. What activities should be pursued during holidays?
4. What are the advantages of travelling?
5. Pick out from the passage the word which is similar to ‘entertainment.

Answer :

1. The main purpose of providing holidays is to give rest and recreation.
2. Constant studies put strain on the brain of students.
3. Walking in open air, rowing and playing some (UPBoardSolutions.com) good game should be pursued during holidays.
4. Travelling broadens the mental outlook and increases knowledge.
5. Recreation.

We hope the given UP Board Solutions for Class 10 English Grammar Mode of Creative Writing will help you. If you have any query regarding UP Board Solutions for Class 10 English Grammar Mode of Creative Writing, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

UP Board Solutions for Class 10 English Grammar Reporting (Direct/Indirect Speech) are part of UP Board Solutions for Class 10 English. Here we have given UP Board Solutions for Class 10 English Grammar Reporting (Direct/Indirect Speech).

Board	UP Board
Class	Class 10
Subject	English
Chapter	English Grammar
Chapter Name	Reporting (Direct/Indirect Speech)
Category	UP Board Solutions

UP Board Solutions for Class 10 English Grammar Reporting (Direct/Indirect Speech)

Exercise 1

1. She said that her brother was coining there that day.
2. He told me that he would present me a gift on my birthday.
3. She said that the old man had died last night.
4. He told me that I could have his book.
5. She told Julie that her sister would not go with her that day.
6. He said that the pack (UPBoardSolutions.com) of card was complete.
7. They told me that they should follow my advice.
8. My father told me that he could not pardon me that time.
9. My friend said that he was thinking to leave that job.
10. They said that their mother always loved them most.
11. They said that Mohit was arriving that day.
12. He told me that he would meet me the next day.
13. I said that he had come to my office during lunch hours.
14. The doctor told me that my condition was very serious.
15. The students said that they would deposit their fee on next fee day.

Exercise 2

1. The guest requested to give him a glass of water.
2. She advised the child to lie down.
3. He asked me to hurry up.
4. They ordered to go away.
5. The doctor advised not to take that medicine.
6. The judge ordered Gandhiji to take off his turban.
7. The principal ordered to show him his identity card.
8. She requested me to post that letter for her.
9. The clerk requested humbly to sign the register.
10. The teacher ordered the boys to sit down.
11. Our father advised not to be worried about that.
12. She requested in her letter to reply to his letter soon.
13. We advised him not to be lazy and try his best.
14. The saint advised to trust in God and do the right.
15. He advised me to take my (UPBoardSolutions.com) book and read that silently.

Exercise 3

1. They asked him if his brother had given evidence.
2. He asked me if I should meet the chairman.
3. He asked if the situation was under control.
4. They asked me if I could lift that box.
5. I asked if the old man could still be alive.
6. Madan asked if she had cancelled her trip to Agra.
7. They asked if the factory was capable of that much of production.
8. She asked if she could have one of his pens.
9. The student asked if they had changed the time of the examination.
10. The manager asked the principal if he had any chance to apologies.
11. The inspector asked me if my passport had been checked.
12. She asked the child if he (UPBoardSolutions.com) had put on his clothes.
13. The tourist asked if it was not getting cold.
14. I asked him whether he wanted a pen or pencil.
15. He asked me whether I was going to Chennai that day or the next day.

Exercise 4

1. He asked the children when the cock crows.
2. He asked how he would operate that machine.
3. I asked when we should start in the morning.
4. Ritu asked me where she would put my book.
5. The boy asked his father what he would do with that.
6. He asked me what I was doing there for so long time.
7. My friend asked me where I should go the next day.
8. Hari asked Shyam whose book that was.
9. The policeman asked the beggar why he was lying on the road.
10. The king asked the man why he had come to him and what he wanted from him.
11. Ramesh asked what was the main topic of discussion.
12. We asked him how he earned his living.
13. Renu asked me what warning my teacher had given me in the class.
14. The teacher asked me why I did not speak in English.
15. I asked my sister which suit she liked.

Exercise 5

1. He asked me whether I wanted a pen or pencil.
2. I asked him whether he was going that day or the next day.
3. She asked me whether I would go by air or by sea.
4. He asked whether he should wait for him or go home.
5. She asked me whether she should put it in the cupboard or on the table.
6. I asked when we should start in the morning.
7. He requested me to give (UPBoardSolutions.com) him some money.
8. I requested.him if he would do me that favor.
9. The invigilator asked us if we would stop talking.
10. He offered me to have a cup of tea with him.

Exercise 6

1. She suggested that they should stay there for the night.
2. Mohan proposed to finish it that day.
3. They suggested not to give him much importance.
4. She proposed to him that they should go to Mussoorie in the summer vacation.
5. The teacher advised that the students should do something.
6. He proposed to let them face that problem.
7. I requested my mother to let Sita accompany me.
8. They urged that there should be no devaluation of rupee.
9. The boys requested their mother that they should be allowed to go to movie.
10. He declared that there should be no noise in the room.

Exercise 7

1. He wished that his friend might top the examination.
2. Mohan prayed to God to help him.
3. She wished for me that I might lead a very happy married life.
4. He bade Ram good bye.
5. I wished that he might live long.
6. Radha bade her friends (UPBoardSolutions.com) good morning.
7. He wished that he might live in peace.
8. He prayed to God that he might bless him with a child.
9. She wished that her father might live long.
10. He bade Ram good night.

Exercise 8

1. She exclaimed with sorrow that he was no more.
2. He exclaimed with fear that the night was very terrible.
3. Mohan exclaimed that that was a very wonderful kind of bird.
4. Sheela wondered that her brother ran very fast.
5. The teacher exclaimed that he had done a very foolish act.
6. My mother exclaimed that I was very foolish.
7. She remarked that it was a very fine day.
8. They exclaimed with joy that they had got the shield.
9. The old lady exclaimed with sorrow that she could not see his face again.
10. The captain applauded the players that they had played excellently well.

Exercise 9

1. The teacher told the student that he might buy that book if he liked.
2. Mala told her friends that she would wait for them if they were late.
3. The teacher ordered Rakesh to go out and not to come again in the class.
4. The guide asked the tourist if he wanted to see the Taj.
5. He requested me to wait there till he returned.
6. The teacher ordered to stop that noise in the class.
7. The policeman asked if he (UPBoardSolutions.com) would call a tongawala to take him to the hospital.
8. Sushila asked the visitor what he ate for breakfast.
9. Father advised me not to be rude to any one.
10. The shopkeeper asked what he wanted.
11. The manager asked the clerk to post those letters that day.
12. Gopal proposed that they should have a cup of tea.
13. The captain advised the players to play the game fairly.
14. Satish requested Ram to lend him his book fir a day.
15. Kanta told her father that she had visited the zoo the previous day.

Exercise 10

1. Rama proposed to his friend that they should go to the river bank for a walk.
2. The captain ordered the soldiers to turn to the right.
3. The boys exclaimed with joy that they had won the match.
4. The beggar requested me to give him my cap.
5. Gita proposed that they should wait for their friends.
6. The boy accepted that he had beaten the dog.
7. The teacher advised that regular exercise keep us fit.
8. Apala asked if the teacher would not teach them that day.
9. He exclaimed with sorrow that he was ruined.
10. He said that the students (UPBoardSolutions.com) were learning their lesson.
11. I asked her who she was and where she was coming from.
12. The teacher ordered the students to keep quiet and not to disturb him.
13. The teacher asked the boys if they had done their work that day.
14. My father said that honesty is the best policy.
15. The teacher asked the boys not to play at that time.

Exercise 11

1. Ravi asked his sister why she was not doing her work properly.
2. Our teacher told us that unity is strength.
3. The judge ordered to let the prisoner be set free.
4. Avinash asked me how I liked my new house.
5. The teacher taught the students that the earth moves round the sun.
6. Lata told her friend that her brother who was a doctor then in U.K. might settle there.
7. The boy told his teacher respectfully that the last stanza of the poem was not clear to him.
8. He asked me why I beat his brother daily.
9. The audience exclaimed that it was a very wonderful speech.
10. The grandfather told the children that he was going to tell them a story then.
11. The policeman asked me why I drove so fast.
12. He ordered his servant to hang those curtains.
13. The teacher asked the (UPBoardSolutions.com) students if they would solve that question.
14. Hari asked Mohan to give him a piece of paper.
15. She proposed to wait for their children.

We hope the given UP Board Solutions for Class 10 English Grammar Reporting (Direct/Indirect Speech) will help you. If you have any query regarding UP Board Solutions for Class 10 English Grammar Reporting (Direct/Indirect Speech), drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

UP Board Solutions for Class 10 English Grammar Parts of Speech are part of UP Board Solutions for Class 10 English. Here we have given UP Board Solutions for Class 10 English Grammar Parts of Speech.

Board	UP Board
Class	Class 10
Subject	English
Chapter	English Grammar
Chapter Name	Parts of Speech
Category	UP Board Solutions

UP Board Solutions for Class 10 English Grammar Parts of Speech

The Noun

Exercise 1

1. milk (material), children (common),
2. Subhash Chandra Bose (proper), leader (common), India (proper)
3. ring (common), gold (material),
4. table (common),
5. Hindus (proper), the Ganges (proper),
6. childhood (abstract),
7. period (abstract), life (abstract),
8. boys (common),
9. crowd (UPBoardSolutions.com) (collective), people (common),
10. apple (common), fruit (common),
11. wisdom (abstract), man (common),
12. army (collective),
13. Parliament House (proper), building (common),
14. books (common),
15. Chandni Chowk (proper), market (common), Delhi (Proper).

The Pronoun

Exercise 1

1. Did you hurt your toe when you were running ?
2. She has completed her work.
3. The palace which the king built costs two lacs.
4. My book has been lost.
5. That boy won the prize.
6. The dog which bit me was shot dead by my brother.
7. I wash my clothes myself.
8. I brush my teeth everyday.
9. God helps those who help themselves.
10. I save half of my pocket money.
11. I have a sister. (UPBoardSolutions.com) I love her very much.
12. The boy whom you gave your book is my student.
13. All that I said is true.
14. This is not such a good pen as I expected.
15. All that glitters is not gold.

The Adjective

Exercise 1

1. Your pen is cheaper than my pen.
2. A lion is the strongest of all animals.
3. He is a very clever boy.
4. I don’t like costly clothes.
5. This is the most interesting of all books.
6. He is worse than others.
7. Which of the three brothers is the youngest ?
8. He is the richest person in the village.
9. The Himalayas is the highest mountain of the world.
10. This is the best of all the books.
11. England is the oldest democracy in the world.
12. Mount Everest is the highest peak of the Himalayas.
13. This book is better than the other one.
14. Rajasthan is the biggest state in India.
15. Prevention is better than cure.

Exercise 2

1. He takes bath everyday.
2. Which fruit do you like the most ?
3. This pen costs five rupees.
4. It is a beautiful rose.
5. A small child cannot solve a difficult problem.
6. Which house is yours ?
7. My mother purchased many costly dolls for me.
8. This bundle is very heavy and cannot be lifted.
9. Whose book is this ?
10. Sunday is the last day of the week.
11. During marriage one wears beautiful clothes.
12. I am fond of green vegetables.
13. A good working man never blames others.
14. The Ganga is a holy river of India.
15. I dislike black colour.

The Adverb

Exercise 1

1. The house where you lived is for sale.
2. I do not know where he ran away.
3. Let us know the time when you will come.
4. Should we proceed to Kolkata where the meeting will be held ?
5. I can’t understand why he disobeyed me.
6. Light travels faster than (UPBoardSolutions.com) sound.
7. The sooner we leave this place the better it is.
8. The patient is far better now.
9. Are you quite sure ?
10. He always tries to do his best.
11. First I had my bath and then I had my lunch.
12. I liked the story very much.
13. The sun always sets in the west.
14. We did not like her painting much.
15. He cannot speak a sentence in English.

The Preposition

Exercise 1

1. The Rajdhani Express runs between New Delhi and Mumbai.
2. My house is beside the river.
3. The policeman ran after a thief.
4. It is seven o’clock by my watch.
5. Ashoka ruled over a vast empire.
6. I will stand with you (UPBoardSolutions.com) in difficulties.
7. The shopkeeper deals in grains.
8. She was filled with joy.
9. The student was sorry for being late.
10. Our government must take care of the senior citizens.

Exercise 2

1. Somebody knocked at my door.
2. My mother is very fond of music.
3. You should learn this poem by heart.
4. The road is under repairs.
5. He alighted from the bus.
6. Pay attention to what your teacher says.
7. He apologized for his rude behavior.
8. Please write your roll number with ink.
9. I need a pen to write with.
10. He is very good at Mathematics.

Exercise 3

1. We should always abide by the rules of traffic.
2. The manager signed the letter of the firm.
3. My friend is addicted to opium.
4. Rahul distributed sweets (UPBoardSolutions.com) among his friends.
5. Did you listen to what I said ?
6. He has special liking for Mathematics.
7. Comply with my instructions otherwise you will have to repent.
8. Are you not ashamed of it ?
9. He has recovered from his illness.
10. There is no exception to this rule.

The Conjunction

Exercise 1

1. You are poor yet you are honest.
2. Mohan is very rich but he is not happy.
3. She took medicine still she was ill.
4. We will go to school when the rain stops.
5. Work hard otherwise you will fail.
6. She came to me and started weeping.
7. You can return the pen or pay its cost.
8. Ramesh was guilty (UPBoardSolutions.com) so he was punished.
9. We shall not go until they call us.
10. You can take either a pen or a pencil.

Exercise 2

1. Look before you leap.
2. You can ask my help if you need.
3. We opened our book and began to read.
4. My brother as well as my sister speak Punjabi.
5. He is so poor that he cannot pay his fee.
6. Wait until I come back.
7. Please wait here until I ask you to go.
8. Hurry up otherwise we shall be late.
9. He neither came nor sent any message.
10. The teacher entered the class and began to teach.

Exercise 3

1. I can’t leave home until my brother comes back.
2. I do not know the reason why he wants to give up his job.
3. I am busy yet I shall find some time for you.
4. I shall see you tomorrow or the day after.
5. There must be someone at the door because I hear a knock.
6. I wrote many letters but he did not answer any of them.
7. It is better to rule in hell than (UPBoardSolutions.com) to serve in heaven.
8. He had hardly reached the station when the train came.
9. As he gets a small salary, he cannot live in a good house.
10. I can lend you this book when I have read it.

The Interjection

Exercise 1

1. Alas!
2. Goodbye friends!
3. Hello!
4. Oh!
5. Good heavens!
6. Fie, Fie!
7. Welcome friends!
8. Hark!
9. Ah!
10. Hurrah!
11. Look!
12. Hello!

We hope the given UP Board Solutions for Class 10 English Grammar Parts of Speech will help you. If you have any query regarding UP Board Solutions for Class 10 English Grammar Parts of Speech, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

UP Board Solutions for Class 10 English Grammar Tenses and Their Uses (Passive Voice) are part of UP Board Solutions for Class 10 English. Here we have given UP Board Solutions for Class 10 English Grammar Tenses and Their Uses (Passive Voice).

Board	UP Board
Class	Class 10
Subject	English
Chapter	English Grammar
Chapter Name	Tenses and Their Uses (Passive Voice)
Category	UP Board Solutions

UP Board Solutions for Class 10 English Grammar Tenses and Their Uses (Passive Voice)

Exercise 1

1. Books are sold here by them.
2. Grass is not eaten by the birds.
3. Are you loved by John ?
4. Milk is not drunk by this child.
5. Anybody is never abused by us.
6. Are the poor helped by them ?
7. An egg was laid by the hen.
8. A stick was picked up by him.
9. Was he seen by you laughing ?
10. These plans were not discussed by us.
11. She was found reading by me.
12. She will be praised by us.
13. Will food grains be imported by him ?
14. The thieves will (UPBoardSolutions.com) be caught by the police.
15. Will dinner be not taken by you today ?

Exercise 2

1. The mouse is being killed by the cat.
2. A banana is being eaten by me.
3. Is chess being played by him ?
4. Milk is being boiled by Kamla.
5. Is the dust being raised by the car ?
6. Is your job being changed by you ?
7. A shirt is being bought by him.
8. Anybody is not being cheated by me.
9. Rice were being cooked by her.
10. Was TV being watched by them ?
11. A sweet song was being sung by her.
12. Was a race being run by him ?
13. The ball is not being thrown by the child.
14. His teeth were not being brushed by him.
15. Was attendance being taken by the teacher ?

Exercise 3

1. Her nails have been trimmed by her.
2. A sin has been committed by him.
3. The tree has been cut by them.
4. Have they been admitted by the principal ?
5. Have you been pardoned by him ?
6. The trains had been missed by the passengers.
7. I had been discouraged by (UPBoardSolutions.com) the result.
8. The film had already been seen by me.
9. Had their salary been paid by him ?
10. The lion had not been killed by the hunter.
11. The poem will have been learnt by them.
12. Will the police have been informed by him ?
13. You will have been invited by your friend.
14. Will the fact have been told by them ?
15. Will the sweets have been distributed by him ?

Exercise 4

1. The police arrested the thief.
2. Did he play a match ?
3. I gave you a pen.
4. Will the chief guest give the prizes ?
5. Nehru wrote this book.
6. The people will send a memorandum to the D.M.
7. His friends give him good presents every year.
8. He laughed at me.
9. Her mistress (UPBoardSolutions.com) dismissed her.
10. The grandmother told the stories.

Exercise 5

1. The cat is drinking milk.
2. The servant is cooking the food.
3. Is the nurse serving the patient ?
4. The boys were throwing stones on the frogs.
5. The farmers are reaping the crops.
6. Was he saying a prayer ?
7. I am selling my old car.
8. I am not promising my son a watch.
9. My father was writing the letter.
10. Was the manager calling a meeting ?

Exercise 6

1. A boy has stolen my watch.
2. The teacher has not taught this lesson.
3. My brother has written this play.
4. Had the students won the trophy ?
5. Have you finished your work ?
6. The father has not locked the gate.
7. The principal will have fined me.
8. The monkeys have spoiled all the flowers.
9. The washer man has (UPBoardSolutions.com) ironed all the clothes.
10. I have not read this book.

Exercise 7

1. Will you give a present to your sister ?
2. When is your breakfast taken by you ?
3. By whom was he elected chairman ?
4. Has he washed all the clothes ?
5. How was the paper solved by you ?
6. Has the Parliament passed the law ?
7. Where has your money been put by you ?
8. When will you be called by him ?
9. How did you search your book ?
10. Will the milk have been drunk by them ?

Exercise 8

1. The tiger can be killed by them.
2. The enemy might win the war.
3. The truth should be told me by him.
4. The teacher should punish him.
5. Your lesson must be learnt by you.
6. The patient must not do hard work.
7. The match might be won by our team.
8. I should be taught by him.
9. You may water the plants.
10. She might open the letter.

Exercise 9

1. You are requested to switch on the light. या Let the light be switched on.
2. You are ordered to write (UPBoardSolutions.com) your full name. या Let your full name be written.
3. Don’t miss the prayer.
4. You are ordered to call the peon here. या Let the peon be called here.
5. Kill him,
6. Please help him.
7. You are requested to bring me some milk. या Let some milk be brought to me.
8. Always speak the truth.
9. You are requested to explain me this question again.
10. Do not tell a lie.
11. Call him.
12. Let his lesson be learnt by him. या You are requested to let him learn his lesson.
13. Check his B.P.
14. You are advised to close your eyes for a moment. या Let your eyes be closed for a moment.
15. You are ordered to open all the windows. या Let all the windows be opened.

Exercise 10

1. The children are allowed by their parents to do what they like.
2. Mr. Das teaches us English.
3. I was not introduced by her to her mother.
4. A lorry knocked him down.
5. We shall be taught grammar by a new teacher.
6. The washer man washes my clothes.
7. I have greatly been interested in this book.
8. He satisfied everybody.
9. The match has been won by them.
10. A mistake has been made by him.
11. A number of dramas have been written by Kalidas.
12. By whom were you taught English ?
13. He was greeted by little girls on (UPBoardSolutions.com) his arrival
14. The matter has to be decided by her.
15. The freedom fighters are always admired.

We hope the given UP Board Solutions for Class 10 English Grammar Tenses and Their Uses (Passive Voice) will help you. If you have any query regarding UP Board Solutions for Class 10 English Grammar Tenses and Their Uses (Passive Voice), drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.