Class 10

UP Board Solutions for Class 10 Commerce Chapter 22 Land: Definition, Characteristics and Importance

Land: Definition, Characteristics and Importance Objective Type Questions (1 Mark)

Question 1.
The main feature of land is its:
(a) Limited Nature
(b) Unlimited Nature
(c) Waste Nature
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Limited Nature

Question 2.
Land is fixed in quantity and cannot be:
(a) Decreased
(b) Increased
(c) Either (a) or (b)
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Increased

Question 3.
Land ……….. in fertility.
(a) similar
(b) differs
(c) either (a) or (b)
(d) No
Answer:
(b) differs

Question 4.
Land is a ……….. of nature. (UP 2016, 18)
(a) Costly gift
(b) Valuable gift
(c) Free gift
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) Free gift

Question 5.
Land is the basis of ……… development. (UP 2017)
(a) Economic
(b) Non-economic
(c) Either (a) or (b)
(d) none of these
Answer:
(a) Economic

Land: Definition, Characteristics and Importance Definite Answer Type Questions (1 Mark)

Question 1.
Can the land be shifted from one place to another? Give answers in Yes or No.
Answer:
No.

Question 2.
Is Nature known to be bountiful? Give answers in Yes or No.
Answer:
Yes.

Question 3.
In the supply of land perfectly limited? Give answers in Yes or No.
Answer:
Yes.

Land: Definition, Characteristics and Importance Very Short Answer Type Questions (2 Marks)

Question 1.
Write in short land as a free gift of nature.
Answer:
Land is given to human beings as a free gift of nature. Since land is not a produced or man-made agent. It has no cost of production and hence no supply price. Those who had acquired (UPBoardSolutions.com) land, in the beginning, had incurred their labour and capital for the purpose of increasing its productivity. Hence, they sell it to others only after realizing the capital and labour spent on it. Thus, rent or no-rent sale or purchase, the land remains as it is, and is available for the service of mankind as a free gift of nature.

Question 2.
How the land is useful in the development of primary industries?
Answer:
Agriculture, fishery, forestry, mining etc. are dependent on this gift of nature (land). Availability of fertile land and climatic conditions, forest, mines, etc. result in the establishment and development of primary industries. In addition, land also provides us a variety of agriculture products, fruits and ail other basic needs without which life is impossible on the surface of the (UPBoardSolutions.com) earth.

Question 3.
Write any four characteristics of the land as a factor of production. (UP 2019)
Answer:

1. Land is limited in supply
2. Land is permanent and is fixed
3. Land lacks mobility
4. Nature of land is passive.

Land: Definition, Characteristics and Importance Short Answer Type Questions (4 Marks)

Question 1.
How can you say that land is limited in supply?
Answer:
The land is strictly limited in quantity i.e., its supply cannot be increased or decreased like the other factors of production. Though human beings have achieved scientific progress and their achievements have touched each and every aspect of human activity, his power to add to the area of land is almost negligible. In the same way, the minerals could be mind, but only what is available in underground deposits We are also blessed with sun, moon rains etc.

Mankind can only enjoy it as and when it is given to him. For instance on agriculturist may require more rains for his crop, but he must be content with what reaches him by natural process. In this regard some way argue that land surface can increase on account of the operation of some forces of nature, which result in an increase in the quantity of the land already in existence.

Question 2.
Give any two importances of Land in Production.
Answer:
Importance of Land in production:
(a) Helps in moulding life of the people: Land play a decisive role in moulding the life of human beings and helps him to choose an occupation. It facilitates freedom of movement of human beings. He is free to move within (UPBoardSolutions.com) the territory of his country. International movement of labour based on laws governing such movements thus has enabled them to select different occupations, thereby helping to improve their standard of living. Without land, this would not have been possible.

(b) Supply of Food and Fodder: Land as nature provide food of all kinds to human beings. Land (forest) besides supporting wild animals also fodder for cattle. Thus land is the basis of all kinds of life whether human or animal.

Land: Definition, Characteristics and Importance Long Answer Type Question (8 Marks)

Question 1.
What is land? Describe the characteristics of land. (UP 2008)
Or
Give the definition of land. Write its characteristics. (UP 2013)
Answer:
In common parlance, land refers to the solid part of the earth. But in Economics, land is not used only in the sense of natural resource. Land means all nature, living and non-living, which is used by man in production. Within the concept of land are included all the free gifts of nature or natural resources above the earth and below the surface of the earth, which help in the production of economic resources. No production is possible without the help of land.

According to Prof. A. Marshall, “By land is meant not merely land in the strict sense of the word, but the whole of the materials and forces which nature gives freely for man’s aid in land and water, in air and light and heat.”

According to Prof. J. K. Mehta, “Land is specific or that it is the specific (UPBoardSolutions.com) element in a factor or again that it is the specific aspect of a thing.”

Peculiarities or Characteristics of Land. Land as one of the factors of production possesses certain peculiarities or characteristics which are as follow:

1. A Free Gift of Nature: Land is freely gifted by nature. As land is not produced or man-made agent, it has no cost of production and hence no supply prices. Thus, rent, or no rent sale or purchase, the land remains as it is and is available for the service of mankind as a free gift of nature.

2. Land is Limited in Supply: Land is strictly limited in quantity i.e., its supply cannot be increased or decreased like the other factors to production. Though human beings have achieved
scientific progress and their achievements have touched each and every aspect of human activity, his power to add to the area of land is almost negligible.

3. Land is Permanent and is Fixed: Land is permanent and is fixed, hence it cannot by destroyed. Lands which are destroyed in a war, havoc caused by an atom bomber by any natural calamity like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, floods etc. too regain productivity after some time.

4. Land Lacks Mobility: Land cannot be shifted from one place to another. Only its products can be transported from one place to another. Thus, unlike other factors of productions, land lacks mobility. But in Economics, mobility does not imply place mobility, it implies use mobility. The black soil (Land) suitable for cotton cultivation cannot be shifted to Uttar Pradesh from (UPBoardSolutions.com) Maharashtra. Therefore, land lacks place mobility. But an agricultural land can be converted into a site for factory, hence it possesses use mobility.

5. Land is of Different Variety: Land shows variability in its composition and productivity. Just like man are not alike, the pieces of land are also not alike. All lands are not alike, i.e., some land is fertile, while others are infertile.

6. Passive Nature of Land: Land does not produce the wealth of their own, but human beings spend capital and labour on land thereby producing things of their needs and acquiring wealth. Land can be used for the productive purpose with the able support of labour and capital. Even then we can consider land only as a passive agent of production. Land can be made active by human beings and this nature of passivity of land also constitutes its characteristics.

7. Relativity of Situation: Situation of land is of great importance in deciding the prices of a piece of land. Land in a city fetches more value than a piece of land in a village land suitable for cultivation, the price (UPBoardSolutions.com) of which varies with that of infertile or wastelands. Same is the case with a land situated in a remote corner of a country, away from human inhabitation, markets etc.

8. Most Important Factor of Production: Land is the most important factor of production. Without land, nothing can be produced. Even the very existence of human beings is because of the existence of land. If the land had not been there, the universe would have been avoided.

UP Board Solutions for Class 10 Commerce

UP Board Solutions for Class 10 Commerce Chapter 9 Home Trade: Wholesale and Retail Trade

Home Trade: Wholesale and Retail Trade Objective Type Questions (1 Mark)

Question 1.
Weight of the commodity only is called: (UP 2016)
(a) Gross weight
(b) Total weight
(c) Net weight
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) Net weight

Question 2.
When the businessman changes the shape and qualities of the thing, the process is known as:
(a) Industry
(b) Manufacturing
(c) Business
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Manufacturing

Question 3.
Only the weight of the packing is known as:
(a) Tare
(b) Advertisement
(c) Binding
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Tare

Question 4.
Trade may be either have trade or………
(a) Internal Trade
(b) Wholesale Trade
(c) Retaling Trade
(d) Foreign Trade
Answer:
(d) Foreign Trade

Question 5.
………. is the document whereby the seller credits the account of the buyer with the amount overcharged.
(a) Debit Note
(b) Credit Note
(c) Cash Memo
(d) Voucher
Answer:
(b) Credit Note

Home Trade: Wholesale and Retail Trade Definite Answer Type Questions (1 Mark)

Question 1.
Write down the full form of C. O. D.
Answer:
Cash on Delivery.

Question 2.
Which type of document is made if the buyer is undercharged can the invoice for any reason?
Answer:
Debit note.

Question 3.
What kind of discount is not entered in the books?
Answer:
Trade Discount.

Question 4.
Which type of delivery is takes place when the seller gives the documents of ownership of goods instead of goods?
Answer:
Constructive Token (UPBoardSolutions.com) Delivery.

Question 5.
Name the one kind of Home Trade.
Answer:
Manufacturing.

Home Trade: Wholesale and Retail Trade Very Short Answer Type Questions (2 Marks)

Question 1.
What denotes ‘Trade’?
Answer:
Trade refers to the sale, transfer or exchange of goods and services and constitutes a central activity around which the other business functions like banking, transportation, insurance, packaging, (UPBoardSolutions.com) warehousing and advertising cluster.

Question 2.
Name the types of Trade.
Answer:
Trade may be either Home Trade or Foreign Trade.

Question 3.
What is “Cash Down Payment”?
Answer:
Cash down payment. It means that the buyer will have to make the payment of the time of sale of goods.

Question 4.
What is “Franco”?
Answer:
Franco includes all the expenses which are incurred in sending the goods up to to the godown of the buyer. All the expenses are made by the seller and the buyer does not make any payment for expenses, but they (UPBoardSolutions.com) are all included in the price of the goods.

Question 5.
When actual delivery takes place?
Answer:
Actual delivery takes place when the seller actually hands over the goods to delivery.

Home Trade: Wholesale and Retail Trade Short Answer Types Questions (4 Marks)

Question 1.
Describe any four services rendered by a retail trader. (UP 2019)
Answer:

1. Collection of the necessary information.
2. Relieves from retail work.
3. Relieves from a local advertisement.
4. Advantages of increased sales.

Question 2.
What is Retail Trading? Write two merits of Retail Trading? (UP 2014)
Answer:
Retail Trading. It is one of which a retailer purchases goods from wholesalers, deals in small quantities of goods but his business is not specialised in one line of goods and selling goods to ultimate consumers.

1. Regular availability of goods for the consumer.
2. Supply of goods according to fashion for the (UPBoardSolutions.com) consumers.

Question 3.
Write two differences between Inland Trade and Foreign Trade. (UP 2014)
Answer:

Inland Trade	Foreign Trade
1. This is done within the boundaries of the country.	1. This is done with some other country.
2. There is no problem with the exchange rate as the trade is done in-home currency.	2. Rate of exchange between the countries is to determined.

Question 4.
Name the trade between India and the United States of America and Define it. (UP 2014)
Answer:
Foreign Trade: Foreign Trade means the trade that is carried on between living in different countries or between the government of different countries.

Question 5.
What are the benefits of an advertisement in the newspaper?
Answer:
Following are the benefits Benefits of Advertisement in Newspaper:

1. At a comparatively cheap cost, such advertisement can be presented for numerous customers who could not otherwise approach.
2. Any business houses increasing a sale by advertisement in a (UPBoardSolutions.com) newspaper.

Home Trade: Wholesale and Retail Trade Long Answer Type Questions (8 Marks)

Question 1.
What is meant by Retail Trader? Differentiate between retailer and wholesale trader. Mention the services provided by a retailer towards society.
Or
What is wholesale trade? Distinguish between wholesale trade and retail trade. (UP 2011, 15)
Answer:
The retailer is one who purchases goods from wholesalers, deals in small quantities of goods but his business is not specialized in one line of goods and he sells goods to ultimate consumers.
Differences between Wholesalers and Retailers:

Basis of Difference	Wholesalers	Retailers
1. Nature of Business	They purchase goods from producers and sell them to retailers for the purpose of further sale.	They purchase goods from wholesalers and sell them to consumers for the purpose of consumption.
2. Quantity of purchases	They purchase goods in large quantities and sell them in comparatively smaller quantities to retailers.	They purchase goods in small quantities from a wholesaler and sell them in still smaller quantities to consumers.
3. Nature of Transactions	Credit is the basis of wholesale trade.	They generally do cash transaction.
4. Scale	They carry the business on a very large scale.	They carry the business on both, small as well as large scale but usually on small scale.
5. Capital	Huge capital is required by them.	They do not require huge capital.
6. Position	They are a link between producers and retailers.	They are a link between wholesalers and consumers.
7. Commodity	They deal in less number of commodities.	They deal in many commodities.
8. Place of Business	Their business is spread in a very wide area.	Their business is centralised in one place.
9. Buyers	They sell goods to dealers or industrial users.	They sell goods to ultimate consumers.
10. Knowledge of Business	They have full knowledge of the situation in the market.	They have full knowledge of the taste and requirements of the consumers.
11. Price	Wholesale price is lower than the retail price.	Retail price is higher than the wholesale price.

Question 2.
Differentiate between Debit Note and Credit Note. (UP 2015)
Answer:
Differences between Debit Note and Credit Note:

Debit Note	Credit Note
1. Debit note is made if the buyer is undercharged in the invoice for any reason viz-error, omission etc.	1. The credit note is made if the buyer has been overcharged in the invoice and to amend the error which is made.
2. It is prepared with ordinary ink which is used in our daily routine.	2. It is either written in red ink or is printed red in colour.
3. The amount of the debit note is debited in the account of the buyer.	3. The amount of credit note is credited in the account of the buyer.
4. The purchaser has to make more payment than invoice amount i.e., the number of invoice increases.	4. The purchaser has to make less payment than invoice amount i.e., the number of invoice decreases.
5. The employees of the seller give information about the error.	5. The error is pointed out by the complaint letter of the buyer.

Question 3.
What is meant by Mail Order Business? Write the merits of Mail Order Business.
Answer:
Mail Order Business: Under the mail-order business, all the transactions pertaining to purchase and sales are done by post. There is no direct link or any conversation between a buyer and a seller. Under this system, (UPBoardSolutions.com) the order is placed through the post and the goods are despatched through the post. Thus, the mail-order business may be described as shopping by post, as the goods are despatch through V.P.P.

Merits of Mail Order Business: Businessman, as well as customers both, have advantages from the mail-order business.
Some of them are as follows:

1. Less Capital is Required: The business can be started with little capital because there is no need for storing goods. After receiving the order he can collect the goods for executing the order.
2. No Shop and Display Expenditure: There are no overhead expenses in the mail order business. There is no need for a shop. Goods are not to be displayed as no stock is maintained.
3. No Bad Debts: All transactions are on a cash basis and thus, there is no danger of bad debts.
4. Elimination of Middlemen: There is no need for middlemen in such type of business. Hence, the businessman is able to allow more commission to the customers.
5. High Profits: Because of the low operating cost of business, the margin of profit is very high.

There are so many merits to the customers by this form of retail trade. Some of them are as follow:

1. The customers get the goods at their homes. They do not have to go to the market to purchase the goods.
2. The customers can make a selection of goods in their (UPBoardSolutions.com) free time with the help of price-list.
3. The customer can purchase even those goods which are not available in the shops in his town or village.
4. In such type of business, the customers feel that goods are of standard quality.
5. The customer gets goods on reduced rates due to less overhead expenses and the elimination of middlemen.

UP Board Solutions for Class 10 Commerce

UP Board Solutions for Class 10 Commerce Chapter 20 Expenditure and Saving

Expenditure and Saving Objective Type Questions (1 Mark)

Question 1.
Income is utilized in:
(a) Expenditure
(b) Saving
(c) Either (a) or (b)
(d) Both (a) or (b)
Answer:
(d) Both (a) or (b)

Question 2.
The expenditure has been classified into:
(a) Individual Expenditure
(b) Social Expenditure
(c) Neither (a) or (b)
(d) Both (a) or (b)
Answer:
(d) Both (a) or (b)

Question 3.
Social Expenditure are of obligatory expenditure and ……….
(a) Individual Expenditure
(b) Consumption Expenditure
(c) Optional Expenditure
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) Optional Expenditure

Question 4.
Saving is defined as the excess of income over ………
(a) Consumption Expenditure
(b) Production Expenditure
(c) Optional Expenditure
(d) Individual Expenditure
Answer:
(a) Consumption Expenditure

Question 5.
When a person incures some expenditure for the benefit of the society, such expenditure is known as ………..
(a) Individual Expenditure
(b) Social Expenditure
(c) Consumption Expenditure
(d) Optional Expenditure
Answer:
(b) Social Expenditure

Expenditure and Saving Definite Answer Type Questions (1 Mark)

Question 1.
Write the type of Income.
Answer:
(i) Monthly Income
(ii) Real Income.

Question 2.
Write the types of social expenditure.
Answer:
(i) Obligatory Expenditure and
(ii) Optional Expenditure.

Question 3.
What is its called when money received by a person in return of this work services or utilizing his property for any production purpose.
Answer:
Income.

Expenditure and Saving Very Short Answer Type Questions (2 Marks)

Question 1.
Define Expenditure.
Answer:
Expenditure is the way by which man meets (UPBoardSolutions.com) out his necessities. In other words, Expenditure is that portion of the income with which human being derive present day satisfaction.

Question 2.
How saving is disadvantageous to society as a whole?
Answer:
Disadvantages to society as a whole are as follows:
(a) Rise of class conflicts: Savings which far exceed the limits will ultimately result in class-conflicts. Huge savings on the part of the monopolists put them at an advantageous position and they, therefore, exploit the weaker sections of the society.

(b) Fear of over-production and Unemployment: Savings help in the formation of capital, and the use of capital give rise to further production. Increased production still further increases capital formation. This tendency, therefore, leads to overproduction.

Question 3.
How the saving is disadvantageous to an individual?
Answer:
Disadvantages to an individual ate as follows:
(a) Psychological effect: Postponement of present wants for future gains involve an element of sacrifice on the part of an individual. Consumption, whether it is useful or wasteful, has to be set aside in order (UPBoardSolutions.com) to make savings. A person needs to tighten on his belt to save an amount which he thinks may help to enjoy at a later stage. But how many persons are really able to enjoy this?

(b) Chance of Exploitation: To a mss wealth in order to keep it for future purpose can give rise to exploitation. In addition, if a person gives undue emphasis to savings, he may even resort to evil and undesirable methods in order to attain wealth.

(c) Create a group of Spendthrift and Lazy Persons: These persons who are lucky to get savings from their parents for the creation of which they have not put any effort, fail to understand the need to utilize the savings for productive purposes.

Question 4.
Point out the difference between expense and saving. (UP 2019)
Answer:

	Expenses	Savings
1. Meaning	Expenses in that portion of income with which human beings derived present-day satisfaction.	Saving is the part of income which is set aside in a productive manner in order to meet out some future requirements.
2. Effect	In the case of expenditure, the goods and services are applied directly to the satisfaction of wants.	In the case of saving the goods and services are applied to the production of other wealth.

Expenditure and Saving Short Answer Type Questions (4 Marks)

Question 1.
What are the points of difference between saving and expenditure?
Answer:
Difference between Savings and Expenditure: Savings and expenditure can be distinguished in the following way:
(a) Savings help a person to satisfy his future wants, while expenditure satisfies his present requirements.

(b) In the case of savings goods and services are applied indirectly to the satisfaction of wants, while in the case of expensive goods and services are applied directly to the satisfaction of wants.

(c) Capital is formed out of the savings of the people and, therefore, (UPBoardSolutions.com) saving constitutes the most important aspect of capital accumulation; whereas expenditure does not help in the creation of capital.

(d) Savings increase the income of a person whereas expenditure decreases the income of a person.

(e) A wise and farsighted person saves something from his current income which constitutes saving, while a person who looks wisdom of farsightedness utilises his whole income on expenditure.

Question 2.
Discuss the importance of savings from the point of view of the nation.
Answer:
Importance of Savings to the country can be studied under the following heads:
(a) To raise capital formation: Large scale production of modern times is possible only with the help of huge capital. Savings of the people help the country to accumulate capital. In other words, capital is the result of the (UPBoardSolutions.com) savings of the people.

(b) To raise the standard of living of the People: Standard of living of the people depends upon the rate of economic development achieved by a particular country. Rapid economic growth enables its citizens to enjoy the high standard of living.

(c) To Increase Employment Opportunities: Mechanization, large scale production, division of labour and all-round development of the country will create more and better employment opportunities to the people in a country. This is possible only if people are in the habit of saving and moreover are capable to save.

(d) To achieve military power: Savings help a country to achieve military power. The strength of the armed forces to safeguard its boundaries and to wage successful battles bring glory to this nation. Savings, therefore, are of grant importance to increase the might of the forces in a particular country.

Expenditure and Saving Long Answer Type Questions (8 Marks)

Question 1.
What do you understand by expenditure and saving? Discuss the objectives and social importance of saving. (UP 2009, 18, 15)
Or
Describe the importance of saving in society. (UP 2018)
Answer:
Expenditure: Expenditure is that portion of the income with which human beings derive present day satisfaction. In other words, expenditure is the way by which man meets out his necessities.
Savings: Saving is that part of income which is not spent by an individual for satisfying his present-day necessities but is kept aside for meeting out uncertainties and crisis in future.
Objectives of Savings: Following are some reasons behind savings:

1. To Create Capital: Savings are made for the purpose of creating capital to earn more income in future.

2. To Meet Out the Calamities: Sometimes a man has to face a critical situation in which he has to spend more than his income. In that case, his savings cover the gap between income and expenditure.

3. Provision for Old Age: In old age, the earning capacity of a person (UPBoardSolutions.com) decreases and he needs more money. So savings are made to provide for old age.

Importance of Savings: Following are some importance of saving:

1. To Raise capital-formation: Large scale production of modern times is possible only with the help of huge capital. Savings of the people help the country to accumulate capital. In other words, capital is the result of the savings of the people.

2. To Raise the Standard of Living of the People: Standard Pf living of the people depends upon the rate of economic development achieved by a particular country. Repaid economic growth enables its citizens to enjoy the high standard of living. A country whose people do not have the capacity to save will have only a low per capita income. Higher the per capita income, higher the standard of living of the people.

3. To Increase Employment Opportunities: Mechanization, large scale production, division of labour and all-round development of the country will create more and better employment opportunities to the people in a country. This is possible only if people are in the habit of savings.

Question 2.
What is the relationship between expenditure and savings?
Answer:
Relationship between Expenditure and Savings: Expenditure and Income result in the increase of production. They increase the economic developments and helps in the upliftment of the nation’s status because both satisfy the various requirements of a human being. The only difference is that savings help a person to satisfy his future wants, while expenditure satisfies his present requirements.

Economists are having two different views in this connection according to one group of economists, “Expenditure is one of the best means for society’s welfare.” On the other hand, other economists suggest that “Savings is the only cause of society’s welfare.”

Those who are of the opinion that savings are more important than the expenditure argue the same because of the following reasons:

1. Savings lead to the capital formation which helps in the production (UPBoardSolutions.com) of further wealth. Accumulation of capital increase production in leaps and bounds boosts trade and commerce and earns huge profits for government and industrialists, which induce them to start more productive units.

2. The workers will enjoy more and better employment opportunities. Hence, a nation whose people give more importance to savings than expenditure enable them to achieve economic development.

3. The national income and per capita income of the people will also simultaneously increase owing to increased savings.
The other group of economists which favour expenditure says that the amount spent by the people will proportionately increase the demand for commodities in the market. With increased demand, industrialists will be induced for increasing production. They will set up new units for earning more profits resulting in better employment opportunities with more wages. The material prosperity of the country will have its far-reaching effect in all walks of human activities. People can increase their income and reuse their standard of living.

From the above study, it can be concluded that for the economic development of a country both savings and expenditure are equally important and the country cannot achieve material prosperity without their co-ordinated functioning. Hence, savings and expenditure are like the two tracks on which a nation progresses.

Question 3.
Give the main points of difference between Saving and Expenditure.
Answer:
Savings and expenditure can be distinguished in the following way:
1. Savings help a person to satisfy his future wants, while expenditure satisfies his present requirements.

2. In the case of savings, goods and services are applied indirectly to the satisfaction of wants, while in the case of expenditure, goods and services are applied directly to the satisfaction of wants.

3. Capital is formed out of the savings of the people and, therefore, savings constitute the most important aspect of capital accumulation; whereas expenditure does not help in the creation of capital.

4. Savings increase the income of a person whereas expenditure decreases the income of a person.

5. A wise and farsighted person saves sometimes from his current (UPBoardSolutions.com) income which constitutes savings, while a person who lacks wisdom and farsightedness utilizes his whole income on consumption.

UP Board Solutions for Class 10 Commerce

UP Board Solutions for Class 10 Commerce Chapter 8 Time and Labour Saving Appliances in Business Office

Time and Labour Saving Appliances in Business Office Objective Type Questions (1 Mark)

Question 1.
Which machines are used for addition, subtraction, multiplication and division?
(a) Typing
(b) Punching
(c) Fax
(d) Calculating
Answer:
(d) Calculating

Question 2.
Which machines provide a printed record of the items added?
(a) Fax
(b) Adding
(c) Punching
(d) Typing
Answer:
(b) Adding

Question 3.
………… machine prints addresses on envelops, wrappers, news- paper etc.
(a) Fax
(b) Adding
(c) Calculating
(d) Addressing
Answer:
(d) Addressing

Question 4.
………. developed punched card system.
(a) Dr. Harman Hallerith and Mr. James Pones
(b) Dr. Robert Desouza and Mr. James Pones
(c) Dr. Harman Hollerith and Dr. Robert Desouza
(d) Mr. S. G. William and Mr. James Pones
Answer:
(a) Dr. Harman Hallerith and Mr. James Pones

Question 5.
A computer has ………… component units are section.
(a) 6
(b) 5
(c) 4
(d) 3
Answer:
(b) 5

Time and Labour Saving Appliances in Business Office Definite Answer Type Questions (1 Mark)

Question 1.
Write the name of machines which make many copies of certain letters or other documents?
Answer:
Duplicating Machines or (UPBoardSolutions.com) Duplicators.

Question 2.
What kind of machine is used to affix stamps on outward letters and envelops?
Answer:
Franking Machine.

Question 3.
Name of the machine which can be sent letter, table, chart, graph etc. in printed form is a place to another in no time.
Answer:
Fax Machine.

Question 4.
What kind of machine is very useful in these undertakings or departments which have a very large client etc.
Answer:
Addressing and mailing machines.

Question 5.
Name of the machine which records the time of arrival and departure of an employee.
Answer:
Time Records.

Question 6.
What for time Recording Machine is used in an office? (UP 2013)
Answer:
Time Recording machines record the time of (UPBoardSolutions.com) arrival and departure of an employee.

Question 7.
What for photostat machine is used in an office? (UP 2012)
Answer:
Offices may require a number of copies of certain letters or other documents. By Photo state machine obtaining a number of copies of the master impression.

Time and Labour Saving Appliances in Business Office Very Short Answer Type Questions (2 Marks)

Question 1.
What are the various kinds of Typewriters available in the market?
Answer:
Various types of typewriters are available in the market. Standard typewriter, Portable Typewriter, Noiseless and Electronic Typewriter are main.

Question 2.
Name the component units of a computer.
Answer:
A computer has five component units or sections:

• Input Unit
• Memory or Storage Unit
• Arithmetic Unit
• Control Unit
• Output Unit.

Question 3.
What are the two main types of “adding machines”?
Answer:
Adding machines can be of two main types:

• Listing Machine
• Non-listing Machine.

Question 4.
What is the use of calculating machine?
Answer:
Calculating machine is used for addition, (UPBoardSolutions.com) subtraction, multiplication and division.

Question 5.
Write the name of anyone time and labour saving machine. (UP 2015, 18)
Answer:
Typewriter.

Time and Labour Saving Appliances in Business Office Short Answer Type Questions (4 Marks)

Question 1.
Write a short note on “Book-keeping Machine”.
Answer:
The most important and perhaps the most advanced mechanical device used in big business offices is the book-keeping machine. It can post ledgers, make statements, prepare payroll and add and subtract. The sheets are inserted in the machine and amount keys are pressed. The whole thing is printed and balances are automatically extracted. Such machines are largely used in big business houses of America and England, and no are most helpful for insurance and banking companies. The important makers of this machine are the Burroughs, the Remington and the Elliot Fisher.

Question 2.
How does the “Stencil Duplicator” operate.
Answer:
A stencil is a special kind of coated tissue paper on which matter can be written with a special kind of nib called ‘Stylers’ or on a ‘typewriter’ by remaining the ribbon. The stencil gets punched by pressure from (UPBoardSolutions.com) stylers on typewriter key. The cut stencil is then put on the machines. The stencil is then put on the machines. The stencil gets ink through the cuts on it and imprints the matter on the duplicating paper placed therein. The duplicating machine called ‘Mimeograph’ can be hand-operated or electrically operated.

Question 3.
Explain in brief any four main appliances used in an office.
Answer:

1. Adding Machines: These machines are quite widely used in offices because addition is the most common operation performed by the office clerks.
2. Calculating Machine: These machines are used for addition, subtraction, multiplication and division calculating machines contribute greatly to business efficiency by eliminating chances of errors and by relieving the office clerks of routine and tiring mental work.
3. Time Recorders: Time recorders are the machines which record the time of arrival and departure of an employee.
4. Duplicating machines or Duplicators: Offices may require a number of copies of certain letters or other documents. Duplicating is a process of obtaining a number of copies of the master impression.

Question 4.
State any four main uses of a computer. (UP 2019)
Answer:

1. The Businessmen are using computer to the internet with their customers anywhere in the world.
2. An organisation can use computers for marketing their products.
3. People can manage the office work at home through computer.
4. Computer can also be used in the education field.

Time and Labour Saving Appliances in Business Office Long Answer Type Question (8 Marks)

Question 1.
Describe four labour and time-saving device in business offices. (UP 2015, 17)
Answer:
The following are the main time and labour saving appliances:
(a) Typewriter: This is the most common medical and for writing. It infused not only for need and clean writing but also for the fact that a number of copies can be made with the use of carbon or stencil. Typewriters are available (UPBoardSolutions.com) in different sizes and have different technological sophistication. Various types of typewriters are available. Standard typewriter, portable typewriter, Noiseless and Electronic Typewriter are main.

(b) Book-keeping Machine: The most important and perhaps the most advanced mechanical service used in big business offices in the book-keeping machine. It can fast ledgers, make statements, prepare payrolls and add and subtract. The stutes are inverted in the machine and amount keys are pressed. The whole thing is printed and balances are automatically extracted. Such machines are largely used in big business houses of America and England and are most helpful for insurance and banking companies. The important makers of this machine are the Burnougts, the Remington and the Elliot-Fister.

(c) Time Recorder: Time recorders are the machines which record the time of arrival and departure of an employee. The Cled fill Book Time Recorder in a good mape. Time recording machines are mostly used in big factories where thousands of workers on duties and the task of recording the time of their arrival and departure accordingly is not ordinarily possible.

These machines are like a big clock. Each worker is given a card bearing a number. As soon as he comes to the factory, he has to insert the card into the machine and a slight pressure prints the time of his arrival. The same thing has to be done at the time of departure. An official goes through these cards and can easily detect those who can take or go early. It is of great help in ensuring punctuality on the part of the workers.

(d) Funded Card System: Funded card system is a system of accounting in which the accounting data contained in primary discounts in transcribed into a number of holes in a card known or punched card. In other words, (UPBoardSolutions.com) the sake which was recorded in the ledger and other books in words and figures may be recorded in code by making holes on the cards. Or Harman Hollerith and Mrs James Pones were the first to develop this method for processing census data.

UP Board Solutions for Class 10 Commerce

UP Board Solutions for Class 10 Commerce Chapter 19 Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility

Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility Objective Type Questions (1 Mark)

Question 1.
The law of diminishing marginal utility regulates our daily:
(a) Income
(b) Production
(c) Expenditure
(d) Saving
Answer:
(c) Expenditure

Question 2.
When the total utility is maximum marginal utility is:
(a) Zero
(b) Less than one
(c) More than one
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Zero

Question 3.
The more we have of a thing, the ………… we want to have of it.
(a) Less
(b) More
(c) Either (a) or (b)
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Less

Question 4.
The law of diminishing marginal utility ………. in the case of rare collections.
(a) Apply
(b) Does not apply
(c) either (a) or (b)
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Does not apply

Question 5.
If the period of consumptions is not the ……….. law of diminishing marginal utility does not operate.
(a) Stop
(b) Never end
(c) Continuous
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) Continuous

Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility Definite Answer Type Questions (1 Mark)

Question 1.
What are human wants?
Answer:
Unlimited.

Question 2.
Write the direction of Marginal Utility Curve.
Answer:
The curve slopes downwards (UPBoardSolutions.com) to the right.

Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility Very Short Answer Type Questions (2 Marks)

Question 1.
State any two assumptions of law of diminishing marginal utility.
Answer:
Two assumptions of law of diminishing marginal utility are as follows:
(a) Change in other person’s stock: The law of diminishing marginal utility does not hold if there occurs a change in other people’s stock. According to the law, marginal utility diminishes when there is an increase in our (UPBoardSolutions.com) stock. But it is pointed out that in some cases the utility changes not because of a change in our stock, but because of a change iri other people’s stock.

(b) Suitable Time: In order to make the law applicable, the commodity should be consumed within a certain time otherwise, the law will not operate.

Question 2.
Write a brief note on the importance of the law of diminishing marginal utility.
Answer:
The importance of the law can be explained as under:
(a) Indicates relation between the standard of living and efficiency: (UPBoardSolutions.com) The law of diminishing marginal utility helps us to understand the reason for a fall in the efficiency owing to a rise in the standard of living of the people.

(b) Theory of Taxation and Public Expenditure: Prof. Marshall utilised the law of diminishing marginal utility to build up his theory of taxation and public expenditure.

(c) Importance in the Field of Exchange: The law of diminishing marginal utility has its own importance in the field of exchange also. When the supply of any commodity increases its marginal utility decreases and the prices also come down. The commodities which are supplied largely have no value-in-exchange. Thus, the law has considerable importance in the field of exchange.

(d) Basis of Consumer’s Surplus: The utility derived by a consumer from each (UPBoardSolutions.com) successive unit of a commodity goes on diminishing, though the price of the article remains unchanged. He stops his purchase and that point where the utility derived equals utility lost. Thus, the law of diminishing margined utility is the basis of the concept of consumer’s surplus.

UP Board Solutions for Class 10 Commerce